Nyuma y’ukwezi leta y’u Rwanda itangaje itegeko rigenga ibimina, bamwe mu babirimo baryakiriye mu buryo butandukanye. Hari ababona ari uburyo bwiza bwo guhashya imikorere mibi hamwe na hamwe, mu gihe abandi baribona nk’uburyo bwo kwinjirira ubwisanzure bwabo.
Leta y’u Rwanda isobanura ko ikimina ari "uburyo abantu bagize itsinda batanga amafaranga bagamije kwizigamira no kugurizanya hagati yabo mu buryo babyumvikanyeho", kikaba "gishyirwaho nibura n’abantu batanu”, nkuko iteka, ryasuzumwe rikanemezwa n’inama y’abaminisitiri, ribivuga.
Tharcisse Tabaro, umuzamu w’ingo mu murenge wa Tumba mu karere ka Huye mu majyepfo y’u Rwanda, uri mu kimina, yabwiye BBC Gahuzamiryango ko nubwo kugeza ubu bataramenya imikorere mishya, "uko nabyumvise byaba ari byiza kuko hari igihe byambura abantu ukabura aho urega".
Ariko Eudes Duhawenimana, impuguke mu buhinzi (agronome) ikorera mu karere ka Nyamagabe mu majyepfo, na we uri mu kimina, asanga "kugenzura cyane bitari ngombwa… umuntu yaba ameze nkaho adafite liberté [ubwisanzure]".
Leta ivuga ko itagamije kubangamira ubwisanzure, ko ahubwo ishaka kunoza imikorere y’ibimina, harimo no kwirinda ubwambuzi bujya bubaho kuri bamwe mu banyamuryango.
Tabaro, uvuga ko ari mu kimina cy’abantu 60 barimo abacuruzi n’abakozi bo mu rugo, agira ati: "Kugeza ubu aka kanya, [abategetsi] ntabwo baraza kuduha amabwiriza. Uko nabyumvise [mu iteka], byaba ari byiza kuko hari igihe byambura abantu ukabura aho urega.
"Bizaba bifite ubuziranenge. Iyo bigiye muri leta, biba byiza kuko ishyiramo n’imbaraga zo kubyishyuriza. N’abafite amanyanga [uburiganya] yashira."
Iryo teka rya minisitiri w’imari n’igenamigambi ryo ku itariki ya 21 Kanama (8) uyu mwaka rigenga ibimina, ryasohotse muri nimero idasanzwe y’igazeti ya leta yo ku wa 22 Kanama, risaba ibimina kugira konti muri banki no kwiyandikisha mu buyobozi bw’umurenge biherereyemo.
Ikimina kandi "kigomba kugira izina ridasa n’iry’ikindi kimina byanditswe mu murenge umwe".
Ibimina byitabirwa gute mu Rwanda ?
Nta mubare ntakuka uzwi w’ibimina biri mu Rwanda ariko ni uburyo bumenyerewe – bumaze imyaka myinshi bwo kunganirana – biciye mu kwizigama – mu mibereho mu nzego nyinshi z’abaturage.
Ibimina biba no mu bihugu byinshi muri Afurika. Kwishyira hamwe mu bimina bishingira ahanini ku kwizerana ndetse ni uburyo bwo kugobokana kw’abantu baziranye mu gihe bacyeneye amafaranga.
Ubushakashatsi bwa gatanu ku mibereho y’ingo mu Rwanda bwatangajwe mu Kuboza (12) mu 2018 bugaragaza ko Abanyarwanda bitabira ibimina, binazwi nk’amatsinda, kurusha uburyo busanzwe bwo mu bigo by’imari.
Imibare y’ubwo bushashatsi ku ngo, bukorwa buri myaka itatu n’ikigo cy’igihugu cy’ibarurishamibare (NISR), igaragaza ko kugeza mu 2017, 58% by’ingo z’Abanyarwanda batangaga umusanzu mu kimina. 41% by’ingo zabitsaga kuri konti yo mu kigo cy’imari, naho 75% by’ingo zabitsaga muri kimwe muri ibyo, nkuko byasubiwemo n’ikigo cy’u Rwanda cy’ubushakashatsi n’ubusesenguzi ku ngamba (IPAR).
Ubushakashatsi bwa gatandatu ku mibereho y’ingo mu Rwanda, ari na bwo buheruka gusohoka, bwo muri Werurwe (3) mu mwaka wa 2021, bugaragaza ko ingo 53,4% zari zifite inguzanyo yo mu kimina, mu gihe 4,8% ari zo zari zifite inguzanyo yo muri banki y’ubucuruzi, naho ingo 6.3% zari zifite inguzanyo muri koperative zo kubitsa no kuguriza zizwi nka SACCO.
Gusa ikigo NISR kivuga ko ubwo bushakashatsi bwa gatandatu, ubusanzwe bwari gukorwa mu mezi 12, bwakozwe mu mezi atandatu – kuva mu Kwakira mu 2019 kugeza muri Werurwe mu 2020 – mbere yuko hatangira gahunda ya ’guma mu rugo’ mu guhangana n’icyorezo cya coronavirus. Byarangiye bukorewe ku kigero cya 40% gusa by’ahari hateganyiwe gukorerwa mbere.
’Bidakozwe neza bishobora guhombya benshi n’igihugu kikahahombera’ – umusesenguzi
Ingingo ya 28 y’iteka rya minisitiri ivuga ko "ibimina byose biriho bihawe igihe cy’amezi atandatu uhereye igihe iri teka ritangarijwe mu Igazeti ya Leta ya Repubulika y’u Rwanda kugira ngo byubahirize ibiteganywa na ryo".
Duhawenimana, uvuga ko ari mu kimina cy’abakozi 21 barimo n’aba leta, yabwiye BBC Gahuzamiryango ko kwishyira hamwe kwabo ari ukugira ngo "umuntu ajye abasha kuba yabona amafaranga akoresha nk’ibikorwa runaka bidasabye ko ajya kuri banke".
Ati: "Niba abantu wenda bihuje bo ubwabo nta we bavugishije, ntekereza ko kugenzura cyane bitari ngombwa… umuntu yaba ameze nkaho adafite liberté [ubwisanzure] nkuko yari ayifite mbere, nk’uburyo akoreshamo amafaranga."
Teddy Kaberuka, umusesenguzi ku bukungu uri mu Rwanda, asanga iri teka "risa nkaho rije guha umurongo uko ibimina byari bisanzwe bikora…"
Agira ati: "Birumvikana ntabwo leta yakomeza kubirebera ngo ntibihe umurongo.
"Iteka risa nkaho ryaje rishyiraho uburyo noneho bukurikije amategeko…kugira ngo akajagari gacike ariko hataba n’ibibazo kuko burya cyane cyane ibimina ni igikorwa kijyanye no gukusanya amafaranga, iyo rero bidakozwe neza bishobora guhombya benshi ahubwo n’igihugu kikahahombera."
Uretse kwandikwa no kugenzura ibimina biri mu Rwanda, ingingo ya kane y’iryo teka rya minisitiri inavuga ku guteza imbere ibimina no gukurikirana imikorere yabyo binyuze mu ishami rya minisiteri y’imari ryo guteza imbere urwego rw’imari.
Duhawenimana na Tabaro bavuga ko mu bimina barimo bitandukanye, ugurijwe yishyura abagize ikimina yongeyeho inyungu ya 5% – igipimo kiri hasi ugereranyije n’igipimo rusange cyo mu bigo by’imari bisanzwe.
Duhawenimana ati: "Ntabwo bisaba procédures [inzira] ndende nk’izo muri banke, nko kujya gusura ingwate…mu kimina ntabwo bisaba izo nzira zose – bisaba kwandika gusa bakakwemerera."
Duhawenimana yemera ko "bitewe n’ikimina hari igihe haba harimo n’abantu bambura. Rimwe na rimwe uburyo bwo kubigenzura ugasanga bushobora kuba bwiza kuri iyo ngingo, wenda tuvuge nka kuriya bavuga ibintu byo kucyandikisha ku murenge.
"Bisobanuye ko umuntu ashobora kurega akavuga ati ’naracyandikishije biranazwi, bigafata [bikagira ishingiro]’.
"Ariko nko kugenzura ibimina byagakwiye kuba biri précis [bisobanutse] ukuntu, kuburyo hari ikigero wenda bagarukiraho. Ntabwo ntekereza ko kumenya ngo ikimina gifite ayahe mafaranga… ntabwo numva ari ngombwa."
Cyo kimwe na Tabaro, Duhawenimana avuga ko kuri ubu bagikomeje imikorere isanzwe kuko "nta n’umuntu wari waza kubituganirizaho", nubwo ingingo ya nyuma y’iri teka – ya 30 – ivuga ko "ritangira gukurikizwa ku munsi ritangarijweho mu Igazeti ya Leta ya Repubulika y’u Rwanda".
Mu gihe agitegereje ko bita izina ikimina cyabo kigakurikiza n’ibindi biteganywa n’iteka rya minisitiri, Tabaro yibaza niba ibi bigamije "kujya mu matsinda asora cyangwa ni ukujya mu matsinda yo kugira ngo abantu biyandikishe [gusa]".
Uko biri kose, Tabaro avuga ko ikimina kimufatiye runini kandi ko atagihara.
Aho ari mu i Rango, ku kazi k’izamu ry’amanywa ry’ingo 11, agira ati:
"Ntabwo itsinda twarireka kuko ridufitiye inyungu. Akenshi ni ho abantu bakura mutuelle [ubwisungane mu buvuzi], amafaranga y’ishuri…"
BBC
