Ubushize ubwo nari mpugiye mu mirimo yo mu rugo, nahaye umwana wanjye muto iPad ya se kugira ngo imuhugenze. Ariko nyuma y’umwanya numvise ntatuje: Sinakurikiranaga neza umwanya ayimazeho cyangwa ibyo yarimo areba. Nuko ndamubwira ngo arekere aho.
Yahise atera rwaserera. Asaza imigeri, araboroga, arayikomeza ari na ko agerageza kunyigizayo n’ingufu zose z’umwana w’imyaka itanu. Uku yabyitwayemo byanteye ikibazo.
Abana banjye bakuru bo bakoresha imbuga nkoranyambaga, ’virtual reality’, n’imikino yo kuri internet, ibi na byo hari ubwo numva biteye ikibazo. Njya numva baterana ubuse ko bakeneye "kujya mu byatsi" – ko bakeneye kuzimya bakajya hanze.
Nyakwigendera Steve Jobs wari umukuru w’ikigo Apple ubwo cyasohoraga iPad, mu buryo bwamenyekanye cyane ntiyigeze areka abana be ngo batunge iki gikoresho. Bill Gates yavuze ko na we abana be adatuma bakoresha ibikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga.
Umwanya abana bamara kuri bene ibi bikoresho uhuzwa n’amakuru mabi, uhuzwa n’ibibazo by’agahinda gakabije mu bakiri bato, ibibazo by’imyitwarire, no kubura ibitotsi.
Baroness Susan Greenfield inzobere mu bijyanye n’imikorere y’ubwonko we avuga ko gukoresha internet n’imikino yo kuri mudasobwa byangiza ubwonko bw’abana babyiruka (adolescents).
Inyuma mu 2013, Susan yagereranyije ingaruka mbi z’umwanya munini kuri ’écran/screen’ n’ingaruka mbi z’imihindagurikire y’ikirere: ikintu abantu benshi batafashe nk’igikomeye.
Gusa ubu abantu benshi noneho barimo kubona ko bikomeye. Ariko kuburira ku ngaruka zabyo bishobora kuba bitavuga inkuru yose.
Ese ingaruka ni mbi nk’uko tubikeka ?
Pete Etchells, umwalimu w’ibijyanye n’imitekerereze muri Bath Spa University, ni umwe mu balimu bavuga ko nta bimenyetso bihari by’ingaruka mbi z’umwanya munini kuri ’écran/screen’ ku bana.
Yasesenguye ubushakashatsi amagana ku buzima bwo mu mutwe n’umwanya abantu bamara kuri ’screen’, hamwe n’amakuru menshi ku bakiri bato n’uburyo bakoresha ’écran’.
Mu gitabo cye ’Unlocked: The Real Science of Screen Time’ anenga siyanse ishingirwaho mu kwanzura ku ngaruka z’umwanya kuri ’screen’, ko akenshi harimo urujijo, ubundi atari ukuri.
Yaranditse ati: "Ibimenyetso bifatika bya siyanse bishimangira inkuru z’ingaruka ziteye ubwoba z’umwanya kuri ’écran’ mu by’ukuri nta byo".
Ubushakashatsi bwatangajwe na American Psychology Association mu 2021 na bwo bwavuze inkuru nk’iyo.
Abanditsi 14, bo muri kaminuza z’ahatandukanye ku isi, basesenguye inyigo 33 zatangajwe hagati ya 2015 na 2019, zo gukoresha ’screen’ harimo n’iza ’smartphones’, imbuga nkoranyambaga na ’video games’ basanga "bigira uruhare ruto mu bibazo by’ubuzima bwo mu mutwe".
Mu gihe bumwe mu bushakashatsi buvuga ko urumuri rw’ubururu – nk’uru rurekurwa na za ’screens’ – rutera ibibazo byo gusinzira kuko rwangiza ’hormones’ yitwa melatonin, inyigo yo mu 2024 yasesenguye ubushakashatsi 11 bw’ahatandukanye ku isi yasanze nta kimenyetso ntakuka ko urumuri rwa ’screen’ mu isaha imwe mbere yo kuryama rutuma umuntu abura ibitotsi.
Ibibazo bya siyanse
Kimwe mu bibazo bikomeye ni uko amakuru (data) menshi kuri iyi ngingo y’umwanya kuri ’écran’ ari "ayo abantu ubwabo bitangira", nk’uko Prof Etchells abivuga.
Mu yandi magambo, abashakashatsi babaza abakiri bato umwanya batekereza ko bamara kuri ’screens’ zabo, n’uko bibuka byatumye bumva bamerewe.
Avuga kandi ko hari miliyoni nyinshi z’uburyo bwo gusobanura ayo makuru (data) menshi cyane. Ati: "Tugomba kwitondera ikintu cy’isanisha".
Atanga urugero rw’imibare yagiye yiyongera mu guhuza ’ice cream’ n’ibimenyetso bya cancer y’uruhu mu mpeshyi. Byombi bihuzwa n’ibihe by’ubushyuhe ariko ubwabyo ntibihuye: ’ice creams’ ntabwo zitera cancer y’uruhu.
Yibuka kandi umushinga w’ubushakashatsi bw’umuganga wabonye ibintu bibiri: icya mbere, yaganiraga cyane n’abantu benshi bakiri bato ku gahinda gakabije n’umunabi, icya kabiri, benshi muri abo babaga bakoresha telephone mu byumba byo gutegereza.
Ati: "Twakoranye n’uwo muganga, turavuga tuti OK, reka tugerageze ibi, dukoreshe amakuru(data) mu kumva ihuriro ry’ibi".
Amaherezo basanze ari ukuba bonyine bitera ibibazo byo mu mutwe bari bafite, aho kuba umwanya bamara kuri ’écran’ ubwawo.
Kunyereza gusa vs igihe cy’ingenzi kuri ’screen’
Hari ikindi kibura ku bwoko bw’umwanya abantu bamara kuri ’écran’: ubwabyo ntabwo bisobanutse nk’uko Prof Etchells abivuga.
Waba ari umwanya wo kuganira? Waba wari ingenzi? Wigisha? Cyangwa byaba byari "ukunyereza gusa" nta ntego? Uwo muntu ukuri muto yari wenyine cyangwa yariho aganira n’inshuti ’online’?
Buri kimwe muri ibi gitanga ibisubizo bitandukanye.
Inyigo imwe y’abashakashatsi bo mu Bwongereza no muri Amerika yarebye kuri ’scans’ z’ubwonko bw’abana 11,500 bari hagati y’imyaka 9 na 12 hamwe n’ubuzima bwabo muri rusange ndetse n’igihe ubwabo bavuga bamara kuri ’écran’.
Nubwo hari ibihuza gukoresha ’screen’ n’impinduka mu buryo ibice by’ubwonko bikorana, iyi nyigo nta kimenyetso yabonye ko umwanya kuri ’screen’ uhuye n’ibibazo by’ubuzima bwo mu mutwe yewe no ku bakoresha ’screens’ amasaha menshi ku munsi.
Iyo nyigo, yakozwe hagati ya 2016 na 2018 yagenzuwe na Professor Andrew Przybylski wo kuri Oxford University, wize ingaruka z’imbuga nkoranyambaga na ’video games’ ku buzima bwo mu mutwe. Ubushakashatsi bwe buvuga ko byombi ahubwo bitera kumererwa neza kurusha uko byangiza.
Prof Etchells agira ati: "Niba utekereza ko ’screens’ zihindura nabi ubwonko, byakabonetse mu makuru (data) nk’ayo [y’ubwo bushakashatsi]. Ariko ntabirimo…rero iki gitekerezo ko ’screens’ zirimo guhindura ubwonko mu buryo bubi gisa n’aho mu by’ukuri atari ko bimeze."
Iki gitekerezo gisubirwamo na Professor Chris Chambers, ukuriye agashami ka ’brain stimulation’ kuri Cardiff University usubirwamo mu gitabo cya Prof Etchells avuga ati: "Byari kuba bigaragara cyane iyo haba hari ikibazo.
"Byari kuba byoroshye kureba mu bushakashatsi bw’imyaka tuvuge 15…Iyaba imikorere y’ubwonko bwacu igenda yoroha ihindurwa n’ibyo ntabwo twaba turi hano.
"Twari kuba twaragiye mu bintu birimo kuzimira mu gihe kinini gishize".
’Formula iteye ubwoba ku buzima bwo mu mutwe’
Yaba Prof Przybylski cyangwa Prof Etchells ntibahakana bimwe mu bibi bya internet, nko kubona ’content’ mbi cyane. Gusa bombi bavuga ko impaka ziriho ubu ku mwanya abantu bamara kuri ’screen’ zishobora gutuma icyo kibazo kindi gitsikamirwa.
Prof Przybylski atewe impungenge n’ibitekerezo byo kugabanya ibikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga ku bana cyangwa se no kubica – kandi atekereza ko uko umwanya wo kuri ’écran’ uzagenzurwa, ari ko bizahinduka "icyiza kibujijwe".
Benshi ibyo ntibabyemera. Itsinda Smartphone Free Childhood ryo mu Bwongereza rivuga ko abantu 150,000 bamaze gusinya amasezerano yaryo abuza ’smartphones’ ku bana bari munsi y’imyaka 14, kandi babuza ikoreshwa ry’imbuga nkoranyambaga abatarageza imyaka 16.
Igihe Jean Twenge, umwalimu w’ibijyanye n’imitekerereze muri San Diego State University yatangiraga ubushakashatsi ku mpamvu zo kwiyongera kw’agahinda gakabije mu bakiri bato (teenagers) muri Amerika, ntabwo yashakaga kugaragaza ko imbuga nkoranyambaga na ’smartphones’ ari ibibazo, nk’uko abivuga. Ariko avuga ko yasanze ibyo ari byo kitarusange.
Nubwo yemera ko amakuru (data) menshi yafasha muri abo bakiri bato ari ayo ubwabo bitangiraga, avuga ko ibyo ntacyo bihindura ku bimeneytso.
Ubushakashatsi bumwe bwatangajwe muri Danemark mu 2024 bwarimo abana 181 bo mu miryango 89. Mu byumweru bibiri, kimwe cya kabiri cyabo bahabwaga amasaha atatu gusa kuri ’screen’ mu cyumweru kimwe, maze bakamburwa ’tablets’ na ’smartphones’ zabo.
Bwanzuye ko kugabanya umwanya bamara kuri ’écran’ "wagize akamaro ku mitekerereze y’abana hamwe n’aba adolescents" kandi byongereye imyifatire yo "kubana n’abandi", nubwo bwongeraho ko hakenewe ubushakashatsi buruseho.
Ubundi bushakashatsi bwakorewe mu Bwongereza aho ababukoreweho basabwe kumenya no kwandika igihe bamara kuri ’écran’ bwasanze gukoresha cyane imbuga nkoranyambaga bihuzwa n’ibyiyumvo by’agahinda gakabije mu bana b’abakobwa.
Prof Twenge ati: "Ufata iyo ’forumule’: Igihe kinini ’online’, kenshi wenyine kuri ’screen’; igihe gito cyo gusinzira; igihe gito uri kumwe n’inshuti. Iyi ni ’formule’ iteye ubwoba ku buzima bwo mu mutwe.
"Sinzi impamvu ibyo biteje impaka".
Ikibazo gikomeye ku babyeyi
Ubwo naganiraga na Prof Etchells, byari kuri ’video chat’. Umwe mu bana be n’imbwa ye babaga bagenda bagaruka. Namubajije niba ’screens’ zirimo guhindura ubwonko bw’abana maze araseka, asobanura ko ibintu byose bihindura ubwonko; ko ari ko abantu biga.
Gusa nanone yumva neza ubwoba bw’ababyeyi ku kaga umwanya kuri ’screen’ uteje abana.
Ntabwo bifasha ababyeyi kuba nta mabwiriza ngenderwaho asobanutse ahari – no kuba iyi ngingo no kuri siyanse ikirimo urujijo.
Jenny Radesky, umuganga w’indwara z’abana wo kuri University of Michigan, ibi yabikoreye umwanzuro ubwo yavugiraga ku kigo gifasha cya Dana Foundation.
Yavuze ko hari "byinshi mu byo abantu bavuga bisa naho byongerera ababyeyi kwicira urubanza kurusha kureba neza ibyo ubushakashatsi butubwira".
Kuri we "icyo ni ikibazo gikomeye".
Ikiganiro cy’umwanya abana bamara kuri ’écran’ kigaruka kenshi mu biganiro by’ababyeyi benshi.
Bamwe bashyiraho amategeko akarishye mu rugo kurusha abandi.
Ibigo bitandukanye hamwe n’inzobere batanga inama zidahura ku mwanya runaka abana bakwiye kumara kuri za ’screens’.
Ishami rya ONU ryita ku buzima, OMS/WHO, hagati aho, rivuga ko umwana wese uri munsi y’umwaka umwe we adakwiye kujya kuri ’screen’ kandi abana bataragera umwaka umwe ntibarenze isaha imwe ku munsi (nubwo iyo usomye ayo mabwiriza yabo ahanini agamije gushyira imbere ibikorwa by’umubiri).
Aha hari ikibazo gikomeye kuko nta nama cyangwa amabwiriza ahari ashingiye kuri siyanse nubwo bwose sosiyete z’iki gihe zigerageza kugabanya umwanya abana bamara kuri za ’écrans’.
Kandi mu gihe nta mabwiriza ngenderwaho, turimo gukina n’ikibazo cy’abana muri iki gihe bakunze cyane ibikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga.
Niba koko ’screens’ zangiza abana bishobora gufata imyaka myinshi mbere y’uko siyanse ibyemeza. Niba kandi amaherezo yanzuye ko atari ko bimeze, tuzaba twaratakaje umwanya n’amafaranga tugerageza kubuza abana kutegera ikintu gishobora kuba ingenzi cyane mu buzima.
Kandi muri ako kanya, imbuga nkoranyambaga zirimo kwiyongera, abantu bakoresha AI chatbots mu gukora imikoro bahawe cyangwa no kwivura – uko biri kose ikoranabuhanga riri mu buzima bwacu ririmo kwiyongera, twakwemerera cyangwa twakwangira abana bacu kurikoresha.
BBC
