Mu myaka ya za 1950, ubwo byasaga n’aho Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Abasoviyeti zari imbere mu isiganwa rigana ku buhangange bwo kwigarurira ikirere n’isanzure no kuritangaho abandi, abahanga muri siyansi bo muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika bagize umugambi usa n’uw’abataye ubwenge. Bashatse kurasa igisasu kirimbuzi ku buso bw’Ukwezi ngo bakure imitima Abasoviyeti.
Igihe umuhanga mu bumenyi bw’ikirere n’isanzure Neil Armstrong yakandagiraga ku butaka bw’Ukwezi mu 1969 ni kimwe mu bizahora iteka byibukwa kurusha ibindi mu mateka y’isi.
Ariko se byari bugende bite iyo Ukwezi Armstrong yakandagiyeho kwari kuba gufite imyobo minini nk’iy’ikirunga kandi kuzuye uburozi ku bw’ingaruka zo kuraswaho igisasu cy’ubumara kirimbuzi bwa nikeleyeri?
Ugitangira gusoma- umutwe w’ubushakashatsi bwiswe “Ubushakashatsi ku Ndege z’Ubushakashatsi Bwo Ku Kwezi Igice cya 1”, uhita usa n’aho wumva ari amahoro rwose. Ni urupapuro byoroshye ko wasuzugura nk’urw’imfabusa rwose. Ubanza ari yo mpamvu babigenje batya bagaha ubu bushakashatsi bufite izina ridashobora kugira uwo ryakanga akirisoma.
Ukirabukwa igifuniko cyarwo nyamara, ibintu bisa n’aho bitandukanye gato.
Rwagati mu ifoto yo ku gipfuko, harimo ingabo igaragaza akamenyetso ka atome, igisasu kirimbuzi, igicu cy’ibihumyo, ikirango cy’Ikirango cy’Ikigo cy’Intwaro Zidasanzwe z’Igisirikare cya Amerika Kirwanira mu Kirere cy’i Kirtland kiba i New Mexico, cyakorewemo byinshi mu bikorwa byo gukora no kugerageza intwaro kirimbuzi.
Munsi gato y’izina ry’uwanditse ubu bushakashatsi: L. Reiffel cyangwa Leonard Reiffel, umwe mu Banyamerika b’abahanga mu bugenge bw’intwaro kirimbuzi. Uyu Reiffel yakoranye na Enrico Fermi, ufatwa nk’umuremyi wa mbere n’umuhanzi w’igisasu kirimbuzi “the architect of the nuclear bomb’’.
Project A119, nk’uko wamenyekanye, wari umushinga w’ibanga rikomeye kandi ririnzwe mu y’imbere kurusha andi mu butasi bwa Leta Zunze za Amerika. Ukaba wari umugambi wo guturikiriza igisasu cya Hidorojene ku Kwezi.
Ibibombe bya Hidorojene ubundi byari bikaze ndetse byangiza nabi kurusha cyane ibya kirimbuzi byarekuriwe hejuru ya Hiroshima mu 1945, ikaba intwaro kirimbuzi ya nyuma yakozwe muri ibi bihe.
Ubwo abayobozi bakuru b’Igisirikare cyo mu Kirere bamusabaga “kwihutisha” uyu mushinga, Reiffel yakoze raporo nyinshi hagati ya Gicurasi 1958 na Mutarama 1959 zivuga ugushoboka k’uyu mugambi no kuba wacamo rwose.
Amerika yari ihangayikwishijwe cyane n’uko ikoranabuhanga rya misile ry’Abasoviyeti ryihutaga ku muvuduko itashoboraga kwihanganira
Igitangaje cyane ariko ni uko umuhanga muri siyansi watumye uyu mushinga uteye ubwoba ushoboka ari uwitwaga Carl Sagan uzwi nk’umuhanga muri siyansi wubahwaga cyane muri icyo gihe.
Ni umushinga wagumye ari ibanga hanyuma uza kumenyekana mu myaka ya za 1990 kuko Sagan yari yawukomojeho ubwo yasabaga akazi muri imwe muri za kaminuza zikomeye ku isi.
Nubwo ku ruhande rumwe ari umushinga wafashije gutanga ibisubizo kuri bimwe mu bibazo b’yubuhanga byibazwaga ku Kwezi, intego y’ibanze ya Project A119 yari ukwerekana ingufu, kwemeza no guhabura abanzi ba Amerika n’ubu bataracana uwaka kugeza ubu.
Iki kibombe cya Hidorojene cyari kigenewe guturikira ku cyiswe Terminator Line- uyu ukaba ari umurongo ufatwa nk’umupaka uba hagati y’igice cy’urumuri n’icy’umwijima by’ukwezi- kugira ngo buri wese by’umwihariko uwari muri Kremlin inyubakwa ikoreramo mu biro bya Perezida w’Uburusiya abyobonere n’amaso ye biba.
Ukubura kw’ikirere kwasobanuraga ko hatari kubaho igicu cy’igihumyo.
Hari igisobanuro kimwe gisa n’icyakumvikana cyo kugena uyu mugambi uteye ubwoba cyane- iki na cyo kikaba cyari mu bwoba n’impungenge ku bw’umutekano no gutakaza icyizere imbere y’Abasoviyeti byari mu mitima y’Abanyamerika.
Muri za 50, ntabwo byabonekaga nk’aho Amerika yashoboraga gutsinda Intambara y’Ubutita.
Ibitekerezo byinshi kuri politiki byari mu Banyamerika byari uko Ubumwe bw’Abasoviyeti bwari imbere cyane mu gukora intwaro zabwo kirimbuzi by’umwihariko mu kubirema, mu mubare wabyo ndetse n’abahanga bashoboraga kubikora yewe na za misile kirimbuzi.
Mu 1952, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika zari zaraturikije igisasu cya mbere cya Hidorojene. Mu myaka itatu yakurikiyeho, Abasoviyeti bakoze akantu bakanga cyane Washington ubwo na bo baturitsaga icyabo.
Mu 1957, Abasoviyeti bateye intambwe yindi basiga Abanyamerika babereka mu bworo bw’ikirenge ubwo batangazaga ku mugaragaro ko bohereje Sputnik 1 mu kirere nk’icyogajuru cya mbere gikozwe n’amaboko ya muntu kizunguruka isi nk’uko ukwezi kubigenza.
Byazamuye isukari cyane mu mitsi y’Abanyamerikamaze imitima yabo itera itunagurikanwa ubwoba kubona Sputnik yaroherejwe mu kirere hejuru y’igisasu balisitike kirenga imigabane- nubwo cyari igikorano- na nyuma y’aho umugambi wabo wo kugerageza gukora ukwezi gukorano’ urangiriye mu iturika rikomeye riteye ubwoba bagashoberwa.
Umuriro wakongoye rokete yabo wafashwe kuri videwo maze werekwa isi yose. Iki gihe ikinyamakuru cyo mu Bwongereza cyanditse ibi kibiha inkuru y’umutwe w’ubugome uvuga ngo “Ibya VANGUARD BYANANIRANYE…mbega igihombo gikomeye…mu mukino w’ubuhangange na poropagande…”
VANGUARD ni icyogajuru Abanyamerika bari bakoze ngo na bo bacyohereze kijye kuzunguruka isi ku rwego nk’urwo Sputnik 1 yabikozeho nyamara yaturikiye mu kirere itaranazamuka na gato. Cyari igisebo gikomeye no gutenguhwa ku gihugu cy’igihangange cyihutiye ihiganwa maze kikabyariramo igihumye.
Kohereza Sputnik mu kirere mu 1957 byateye ihungabana rikomeye mu burengerazuba bw’isi
Muri ibi bihe, abanyeshuri bo muri Amerika berekwaga “Duck and Cover” filimi y’amakuru yamenyekanye cyane igaragaramo akanyamasyo k’igishushanyo kitwa Bert gafasha kwigisha abana icyo gukora igihe haba habaye igitero cyifashishijwemo intwaro kirimbuzi.
Nyuma y’aho muri uwo mwaka, ibinyamakuru byo muri Amerika mu makuru byavugaga ko bikesha ubutasi bwo mu nzego zo hejuru byanditse ko “Abasoviyeti bazaturitsa Igisasu cya Hidorojene ku Kwezi Mu Gihe Hazaba Hizihizwa Ibirori by’Isabukuru y’Impinduramatwara ku ya 7 Ugushyingo” nk’uko byanditswe na Daily Times, i New Philadelphia, Ohio) hanyuma ibi bigakurikirwa n’inkuru z’uko Abasoviyeti bashoboraga kuba barapangaga kurekura igisasu cya rokete kirimbuzi ku muturanyi wacu wa hafi cyane.
Nk’uko n’ubundi ibindi bihuha byo mu Ntambara y’Ubutita byameraga, inkomoko y’ibi bihuha kugeza n’ubu iragoye kumenyekana.
Igitangaje cyane na none kandi, ubu bwoba bwongereye Abasoviyeti ingufu zo gukomeza imigambi yabo.
Codenamed E4, umugambi wabo wari umugambi usa fotokopi n’uw’Abanyamerika na wo Abanyamerika baje kureka ku mpamvu zisa n’izo ari zo ubwoba bagize ko mu gihe baba barekuye igisasu hari ubwo kitajya aho bacyohereje ahubwo kigashwanyukira ku butaka bwabo ubwabo Abasoviyeti.
Basobanuye impamvu yo kureka uyu mugambi wabo ngo kuko washoboraga kubyara “ishyano rikabije mpuzamahanga ridakenewe” amahanga atari kubasha konsa.
Ariko rero ngo Project A119 yo iba yarakoze ikagera ku ntego yayo.
Mu 2000, Reiffel yarirekuye maze agira icyo avuga. Yemeje ko uyu mushinga mu buryo “tekiniki washobokaga” kandi ko iri turika ryari kugaragara mu maso y’abatuye isi yose.
Igihombo cy’ibidukikije byo ku kwezi bitigeze bigira aho bihurira n’ubwandu nk’ubwugarije isi bukomoka ku byuka byo mu nganda n’indi imyanda iva mu bikorwa bya muntu iri turika ryari buteze, ni ikintu cyari gihangayikishije gato cyane Igisirikare cyo mu Kirere batitaye ku mpungenge abahanga muri siyansi bari bafite.
“Project A119 wari kimwe mu bitekerezo byinshi byariho byatekerejwe nk’uburyo bwo gukubita inshuro Sputnik,” nk’uko bivugwa na Alex Wellerstein, umunyamateka wa siyansi n’ikoranabuhanga kirimbuzi, “kandi ngo uyu mugambi wari unagamije kurasa bagahanura Sputnik, byumvikana nk’urwiyenzo n’ubugome bukabije bwari kuba bukozwe. Bene ibi bitekerezo babifata nk’imikino iryoheye amaso igamije kwiyereka ngo bashimishe abayireba.”
Wellerstein akomeza ati: “Ubwo rero byarangiye na bo ku iherezo bohereje icyogajuru cyabo bwite, kandi bikaba byafashemo gato igihe kirekire, ariko bakomeje uyu mushinga bakomeje, kugeza nibura nibura mu myaka ya nyuma yo muri za 1950.
“Imyumvire y’Abanyamerika muri icyo gihe isa n’aho itangaje cyane. Ubushake bwo gusa n’abahiganwa ariko mu buryo burema mu mitima ya rubanda ikintu gishishikaje kandi kiba kikabasigara ku mitima. Ntekereza ko, kuri iyi ngingo, gukora ikintu gishimishije n’ikintu giteye ubwoba ni ibintu bijya gusa cyane.”
Na none ati: “Buri wese wari muri izi nshingano yari yaratoranijwe ku kigero runaka. Ntacyo gukora aka kazi byari bibabwiye. Iyo baza kuba bari bafite ubwoba bakabaye barakoze ibindi bintu bigera kuri za miliyoni. Abahanga benshi muri siyansi bakoze ibi mu Ntambara y’Ubutita, bavuze ko ubugenge bwajemo politiki bugakabya.”
Igerageza rya USA ryo kohereza icyogajuru mu kirere mu 1950 ryafashe ubusa ubwo rokete ya Vanguard yashwanyukaga ku munsi wo kuyohereza
Hashobora kuba harabayeho andi masomo Amerika yiyigishije ubwayo iyavanye mu Ntambara yo muri Vietnam.
“Bleddyn Bowen, inzobere mu mibanire mpuzamahanga yerekeye isanzure agira ati: “Project A119 inyibutsa agace ko muri The Simpsons aho Lisa abona ibango rya Nelson rya “Nuke the Wales’’ ku rukuta rwe maze akavuga ati ‘Byiza cyane, ni ngombwa ko ugira ikintu uriturira igisasu kirimbuzi.”
Akomeza agira ati: “Aya yari amasomo n’ubushakashatsi buremereye, nyamara ntiyitaweho cyangwa aterwe inkunga igihe bavaga muri sisiyeti y’ikirere. Hari mu gice cya nyuma cyo mu myaka ya za 50 na za 60 mbere y’uko hagira uwo ari we wese wamenya isura Igihe cy’Isanzure (Space) yari gufata.”
“Niba hari ikintu kizabaho gisa n’uku kwirukankira kujya no gutanga abandi na none ni kugenda mu murongo uhabanye n’itegeko mpuzamahanga ryashyizweho ngo rigenge isi….ryamaze kwemerwa hafi na buri gihugu ku isi.”
Ese iyi migambi yakongera ikaburirwa irengero ku yindi nshuro ikaba imfabusa nka mbere hatitawe ku byo ibihugu byumvikanye? “Hari inkuru zangeze mu matwe ariko numviye mu rusaku zituruka ahantu muri Pentagon zerekeye kureba uko Igisirikare cya Amerika cyo mu Kirere ku byerekeye ibikikije ukwezi,” ni ko Bowen avuga.
Niba bimwe muri bene ibi bitekerezo mvamahanga bidafite imizi muri Leta Zunze za Amerika, ibyo ntibisobanura ko ahandi bitazahabwa agaciro- nko mu Bushinwa. “Sinatangara haramutse hari nk’umuryango mu Bushinwa ubu ushaka gusunika bimwe muri ibi bitekerezo kuko batekereza ko Ukwezi ari kwiza hanyuma bagakora akazi mu gisirikare,” ni ko Bowen akomeza avuga.
Menshi mu makuru avuga kuri Project A119 aracyahishwe mu ibanga rikomeye. Ndetse menshi muri yo yarangijwe.
Isomo rikomeye dukwiye kwigira kuri Project A119, ubanza ari uko tudakwiriye kureba urupapuro rw’igipfuko cy’ubushakashatsi ngo cyanditswe mu mvugo n’ururimi rwa dipolomasi n’imibanire myiza, tutabanje kubusoma mbere ya byose.
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