Wari wumva neza ibya Artificial Intelligence ?
Mu mezi atandatu ashize, chatbots, nka ChatGPT, n’izicura amashusho, nka Midjourney, vuba vuba byabaye umuco.
Ariko artificial intelligence (AI) cyangwa "imashini ziga" byo byari bimaze igihe biriho.
Muri ubu buryo bufasha umutangizi kumva, turarenga chatbots turebe andi moko ya AI - turebe uburyo ibi biremwa bishya bidasanzwe byatangiye kugira uruhare mu buzima bwacu.
AI yiga gute ?
Ibanga ku kwiga kw’imashini zose ni uburyo bita training, aho porogramu ya mudasobwa ihabwa data (amakuru) nyinshi - zifite ibiranga izo data izo ari zo - n’amabwiriza runaka.
Amabwiriza ashobora kuba ikintu nka: "shaka amafoto yose arimo amasura" cyangwa, "shyira amajwi mu byiciro".
Iyo porogramu izahita ishakisha ibihuye n’ibyo muri data yahawe kugira ngo ibashe gukora ibyo yasabwa.
Hagati mu kazi yahawe ishobora guhwiturwa - nko kugira uti "iyi si isura" cyangwa "aya majwi abiri aratandukanye" - ariko, ibyo porogramu yigira muri data yahawe, n’ibyo ibwirwa, byose bihinduka ’model’ ya AI - naho ibyo yakoresheje byose muri uyu mwitozo bigasobanura ubushobozi bwayo.
Uburyo bumwe bwo kureba uko uyu mwitozo ushobora gutanga amoko atandukanye ya AI ni ugutekereza inyamaswa zitandukanye.
Mu myaka za miliyoni ishize, imihindukire y’ibidukikije yagiye ihindura ubushobozi bw’inyamaswa runaka, mu buryo busa, uko AI nayo ikoresha kenshi data yahawe niko irushaho gukoramo ’models’ zisobanutse za AI.
Ni izihe ngero z’uburyo twatoje AI kugira ubushobozi butandukanye?
Chatbots ni iki ?
Tekereza chatbot nk’inyoni ya gasuku. Ifata mu mutwe igasubiramo amagambo yumvise mu buryo runaka ariko idatanze neza igisubanuro cyayo cyuzuye.
Chatbots zikora nk’ibyo - gusa mu buryo bw’ubuhanga cyane - kandi ziri hafi guhindura imibanire yacu no kwandika.
Ariko se ni gute chatbots zimenya uko bandika?
Zo ni ubwoko bwa AI buzwi nka large language models (LLMs) kandi zitozwa hakoreshejwe ingano nini cyane y’inyandiko.
LLM ntibasha kumenya gusa ijambo rimwe ahubwo interuro yose kandi ikamenya kugereranya ikoreshwa ry’amagambo mu nyandiko nyinshi cyane muri data iba isanzwe yitorezaho.
Gukoresha izo miliyari z’igereranya ry’amagambo n’interuro bituma ishobora gusoma ikibazo maze igakora igisubizo.
Igitangaje cyane kuri LLMs ni uko zishobora kwiga amategeko y’imyandikire ubwazo zikarema igisobanuro cy’amagambo, zidafashijwe n’umuntu.
Uko inzobere ibibona: Ahazaza ha chatbots
"Mu myaka 10, mbona tuzaba dufite chatbots zikora nk’inzobere mu cyiciro icyo aricyo cyose. Bityo ushobora kuzajya ubasha kubaza inzobere y’umuganga, inzobere y’umwalimu, inzobere y’umunyamategeko icyo ushaka cyose kandi ubwo buhanga bugusubize ibyo ukeneye."
Nshobora kuvugana na AI ?
Niba warakoresheje Alexa, Siri cyangwa ubundi buhanga bumenya ijwi, ubwo wamaze gukoresha AI.
Tekereza urukwavu n’amatwi yarwo manini, azwiho kumva akantu gato cyane kose gakomye.
AI ifata amajwi iyo urimo kuvuga, ikavanamo urusaku rw’inyuma, ijwi ryawe ikaribika mu bice bya ’phonetic’ - ibyo ni amajwi y’umuntu ahura agakora ijambo - maze ikabihuza n’ibyo mu bubiko bw’andi majwi.
Nyuma ijambo ryawe rihindurwamo inyandiko aho amakosa yose yaba yabaye mu kumva ashobora gukosorwa mbere y’uko igisubizo gitangwa.
Ubu bwoko bwa artificial intelligence buzwi nka ’natural language processing’.
Ni ikoranabuhanga riri inyuma y’ibintu byose kuva igihe uvuze ngo "yego" kugeza ku kwemeza ko banki irekura amafaranga, cyangwa kubaza telephone kukubwira uko ikirere cyifashe mu minsi micye iri imbere mu mujyi ugiye kujyamo.
AI ishobora kumva amafoto ?
Telephone yawe yari yashyira hamwe amafoto muri ’folder’ ikayita nka "ku mucanga" cyangwa "gusohoka"?
Rero wakoresheje AI utabizi. Hari ’algorithm’ ya AI yabonye ibisa mu mafoto yawe maze igufasha kuyashyira hamwe.
Izi porogramu zatojwe kureba mu mafoto menshi cyane, yose yahawe inyito yoroshye.
Iyo ubwoko bwa AI yiga amafoto ubuhaye amafoto menshi yitwa "igare", amaherezo itangira kureba igare uko risa n’uburyo yaritandukanya n’imodoka cyangwa ubwato.
Rimwe na rimwe AI itozwa gutahura itandukaniro rito cyane mu mafoto menshi asa.
Uku niko kumenya isura bikorwa, kubona akantu gato mu isura yawe gatuma itandukana n’izindi kandi iba umwihariko uyigereranyije n’andi masura yose.
Ubwo bwoko bwa ’algorithms’ nibwo bwatojwe mu buvuzi bwo kwiga ’scans’ ikabona ibibyimba by’imbere mu mubiri mu mashusho ibihumbi, mugihe umuganga afatira icyemezo ku ifoto imwe.
Ni gute AI ikora amashusho mashya ?
Vuba aha uburyo bwo kumenya amasura burakoreshwa na AI ikabasha kwiga mu buryo nk’ubw’uruvu bwo kumenya no guhindura amabara.
Izi AI zirema amashusho zishobora guhindura amashusho za miliyoni atandukanye ziba zafashe zikayavanamo amashusho mashya atandukanye.
Ushobora gusaba AI kukuremera ifoto y’ikintu kitigeze kibaho - urugero, ifoto y’umuntu urimo kugenda ku butaka bw’umubumbe wa Mars.
Cyangwa se mu buryo bw’ubugeni ukayisaba kukuremera ishusho runaka: "Kora ifoto y’umutoza w’Ubwongereza, isize mu buryo bwa Picasso."
AI zigezweho zitangira ziguha iyi foto nshya mu mabara n’ingano itandukanye.
Yita ku kantu kose kari mu bintu yize mu gihe yatozwaga n’amakuru yahawe - uburyo bwo gukora ibintu bitandukanye.
Ubu buryo bugenda burushaho kunoga no guhuza ibisa AI ifite n’ibikenewe isabwe kugeza ubwo itanze ikintu gisa cyane n’icyifuzwa.
Huza ibihari byose bikenewe nka "ubutaka bwa Mars", "abajya mu isanzure" no "kugenda" byose maze iguhe ifoto nshya.
Kuko iyo foto nshya iba yakozwe mu duce twinshi tugize izindi, iremwa ni itarigeze ibaho mbere ariko iba ishingiye kuri miliyari z’amashusho AI ifite kandi yitorejeho.
Sosiyete ubu itangiye kwibaza icyo ibintu nka ’copyright’ bivuze ndetse n’ahazaza h’akazi k’abanyabugeni ba nyabo bakora amashusho, ndetse n’abakora akazi ko gufotora.
Naho se iby’imodoka zitwara ?
Imodoka zitwara zakomeje kuba ikiganiro muri AI mu myaka myinshi ishize ndetse igitekerezo cyazo cyari cyarashyizwe mu ngiro mu mashusho ashingiye ku ntekerezo.
Ubu AI y’imodoka zitwara izwi nka ’autonomous driving’ aho imodoka ziba zirimo za camera, radar, n’uburyo bwo kureba imirongo n’ibiri imbere.
Tekereza bene iki kinyugunyugu, kireba hose muri dogere 360 kandi amababa yacyo agifasha kumva no kugenda kandi kikagenda gihindura aho bikenewe.
Muri ubwo buryo, niko ’models’ za AI zikoresha amakuru yo mu buryo bwazo bwo kumva, ikamenya ibintu, ikamenya niba bigenda, byaba ari uko, ikamenya ibyo ari byo - indi modoka, igare, umunyamaguru cyangwa ikindi kintu.
Amasaha ibihumbi n’ibihumbi yo kwitoza kumva icyo gutwara neza ari cyo yatumye AI ubu ibasha gufata ibyemezo igahita imenya icyo gukora ako kanya ikirinda kugongana.
Algorithm’ yo guteganya ishobora kuba yaramaze imyaka myinshi igorwa no kumera nk’umushoferi nyawe, ariko imodoka zitwara ubu zabashije kubona za miliyoni za data ku mihanda nyayo. I San Francisco, ho ubu zitwara n’abagenzi bishyura.
Ubu buryo bw’imodoka zitwara ni urundi rugero rw’uburyo ikoranabuhanga rishya rizarenga ibibazo bisanzwe tuzi bya tekinike.
Amabwiriza ya leta n’ay’ubuziranenge, hamwe n’igishyika gihekerekezwa no kwibaza ikibaho mu gihe duhaye ubugenzuzi imashini, nibyo gusa bigihagaritse kuba izi modoka zaba nyinshi mu mihanda yacu.
Igitekerezo cy’inzobere: Zizewe kurusha abantu
"Mbona ko aho tugana ari uko twifuza imihanda itekanye. Kandi ni ikintu cy’ingenzi cyane kuganiraho uyu munsi, aho abantu na za robot basa n’abegeranye mu bushobozi bwo gutwara. Ariko mu myaka micye iri imbere - urebye uburyo harimo kunozwa izi ’systems’ - ntekereza ko iki kizaba ikiganiro gitandukanye. Kuko zizarushaho kuba nziza cyane kurusha abantu kandi ibi nta mpaka bizagibwaho." Kyle Vogt - Umukuru wa kompanyi y’imodoka zitwara Cruise
Ni iki AI izi kuri njye?
AI zimwe na zimwe zikorana gusa n’imibare, ziyishyira hamwe zikayihuza ku bwinshi mu gukora amakuru runaka, ibintu bivamo bikaba bishobora kuba iby’agaciro gakomeye.
Birashoboka ko hari amakuru akwerekeyeho, nk’ay’ibijyanye n’imari cyangwa ibyo ku mbuga nkoranyambaga, ari kuri internet, ashobora gukoreshwa mu kumenya uwo uri we n’uko wifata.
Ikarita ya ’supermarket’ uhahiraho igaragaza ibyo ukunda kugura. Abashinzwe inguzanyo bareba ayo ufite muri banki n’ayo ufitiye banki.
Netflix na Amazon zikomeza kureba amasaha umara ureba ibintu runaka. Konti zawe ku mbuga nkoranyambaga zizi video na posts washyizeho comments uyu munsi.
Kandi si wowe gusa, iyi mibare iriho kuri buri muntu, ibyo bifasha AI ’models’ kuyinyuramo ireba ibyo ukunda cyangwa ukora kenshi.
Aya moko ya AI ubu arimo guha inzira ubuzima bwawe, kuva ku kugufasha kwanzura niba ufata umwenda wa banki, kugeza ku guhitamo icyo ugura biciye mu kwamamaza zikwereka online.
Ese AI izabasha gukora ibintu byose ?
Birashoboka guhuza buriya buhanga bwose hakavamo bumwe, AI model imwe?
Iki ni kimwe mu iterambere rishya rya AI rikora.
Cyitwa ’multimodal AI’ ituma ’model’ imwe ireba mu moko atandukanye ya data - nk’amafoto, inyandiko, amajwi cyangwa video - ikabona, ikarema ibishya hagati yabyo.
Ubu buryo ni imwe mu ntambwe ikomeye yatewe n’ubushobozi bwerekanwa na ChatGPT ubwo AI ’model’ yavugururwaga ikava kuri GPT3.5, yari yaratojwe gusa ku nyandiko, ikaba GPT4, yari yaratojwe ku mashusho nayo.
Igitekerezo cya AI ’model’ imwe ishobora kwiga no gukoresha ubwo ko ubwo aribwo bwose bwa data bityo ikaba yakora akazi ako ariko kose, kuva ku gusemura indimi kugera ku gukora imiti mishya, kizwi nka artificial general intelligence (AGI).
Kuri bamwe iyi niyo ntego nyamukuru y’ubushakashatsi bwa AI; ku bandi ni inzira yo guhindura ibyari mu ntekerezo gusa tugakoresha AI mu gukora ibirenze ibyo twabonaga ko bidashoboka.
Ni gute utoza AI ?
Kugeza vuba aha uburyo bwari buzwi cyane bwo gutoza AI bwitwa "kwiga guhagarikiwe".
Amatsinda ya data nyinshi cyane yahabwaga amazina n’abantu maze AI igasabwa kujonjora ibisa muri izo data.
AI yahitaga isabwa gukoresha ibyo bisa igakora data nshya ikanatanga amakuru y’uko icyo kintu ikoze kitibeshyweho.
Urugero, tekereza uhaye AI amafoto 12 - atandatu yiswe "imodoka nto" andi atandatu "bisi".
Hanyuma, saba AI kuvana muri aya mafoto ifoto y’imodoka muri ya matsinda abiri.
Uribaza ko iguha iki uyisabye ifoto?
Birasa n’aho AI itekereza ko ari bisi - si ubwenge cyane.
Ubu uyeretse ibi.
Maze irakubwira ngo iyi ni imodoka.
Ikitagenze neza kiraboneka.
Mu mafoto macye yahawe gukoresha umwitozo, AI yahisemo ko ibara aribwo buryo bukomeye bwo gutandukanya imodoka zisanzwe na bisi.
Ariko ikintu cyiza cya porogramu ya AI ni uko igera ku mwanzuro wayo - ariko tukaba twayifasha gusubiramo uburyo bwayo bwo kwanzura.
Dushobora kuyibwira ko yibeshye ku bintu bibiri bishya - ibi bituma isubira mu mashusho gushakamo ikindi.
Ariko by’ingenzi cyane, dushobora gukosora no kuyifasha tuyiha data nyinshi z’andi mashusho yo gukoreraho.
Ibi bikorwa byombi bishyizwe hamwe - kandi ku rwego rugari - niko ’systems’ nyinshi za AI zitozwa gukora no gufata imyanzuro inyuranye.
Ni gute AI yiyigisha ubwayo?
Kwigishwa guhagarikiwe ni bumwe mu buryo bukomeye bwo gutoza, ariko intambwe nyinshi ziheruka guterwa muri AI zashobotse kubera kwiga bidahagarikiwe.
Mu magambo yoroshye, ni aho ikoreshwa rya ’algorithms’ z’urusobe na data nyinshi cyane bituma AI ishobora kwiga ubwayo nta bufasha bw’umuntu.
ChatGPT ni urugero ruzwi cyane.
Ingano y’inyandiko kuri internet no mu bitabo biri digital ni nini cyane kuburyo mu mezi menshi ChatGPT ubwayo yashoboye kwiga guhuza amagambo mu buryo bufite igisobanuro, maze abantu nabo bagafasha kunoza neza ibisubizo byayo.
Tekereza ufite umurundo w’ibitabo byo mu zindi ndimi, yenda bimwe binafitemo amafoto.
Amaherezo ushobora kubona ko ijambo rimwe rigaruka ku rupapuro ahari igishushanyo cyangwa ifoto y’igiti, n’irindi jambo ahari ifoto y’inzu.
Kandi wabona ko kenshi hari ijambo hafi y’ayo magambo rishobora gusobanura ikintu runaka, gutyo gutyo.
ChatGPT ikora isesengura ryihuse cyane hagati y’amagambo ikubaka ’model’ nini cyane ibasha gukoresha mu kurema no gutanga interuro nshya.
Bushingira ku mbaraga zikomeye za mudasobwa zituma AI yibuka amagambo menshi cyane - ukwayo, mu matsinda, mu nteruro ndetse no ku mpapuro zitandukanye - igasoma ikagereranya kandi ikumva uko yakoreshejwe inshuro zose mu bice by’isegonda.
Intambwe yihuse yatewe na ’deep learning models’ mu mwaka umwe ushize yateye kwibaza gushya n’impungenge z’ibishobora gukorwa na AI, kandi nta kimenyetso ko ibi bigenda bigabanuka.
Ibyo twabonaga nka ’science ficiton’ ubu birimo kutumanukiraho mu kuri none turi kwisanga mu isi aho AI itangiye kutwereka ubushobozi bwayo burenze kure ubwa muntu.
Igitekerezo cy’inzobere: Zifate nk’abana
"Igisubizo mu buryo twategura izi mashini muri iyi si y’urusobe kiri mu buryo turera abana bacu tukabategura guhangana n’isi. Iyo turera abana, ntabwo tuba tuzi neza ibyo bazahura nabyo. Ntabwo tubatamika ibisubizo bya buri kibaza cyose, ahubwo, tubigisha kubona igisubizo bo ubwabo."
Mo Gawdat - umwanditsi n’uwahoze ashinzwe business muri Google X.
Byanditswe na Paul Sargeant
BBC
