Mu myaka 50 ishize, ni bwo telefoni ya mbere igendanwa yakozwe. Kuva icyo gihe kugeza aya magingo, ibi bikoresho byabaye iby’ingirakamaro mberabyinshi bidufasha mu buzima bwacu bwa buri munsi ku buryo ahari kuri bamwe idahari bwahagarara. Ariko se byaba bigenda bihindura uburyo ubwonko bwacu bukora?
Kimwe na benshi muri twe nawe usoma iyi nyandiko ushobora kuba urimo, nanjye mara umwanya munini kuri telefoni yanjye. Kandi kimwe na benshi, ibyo ndabizi kandi nemeye icyaha nishinja cyo kuba ndi umwe muri abo benshi batakaza igihe kinini kuri telefoni.
Rimwe na rimwe, ndayifata nkayijyana mu kindi cyumba kure yanjye, ubundi nkayizimya ngira ngo ndebe ko nagabanya igihe mara nyikoresha cyangwa se ngo ye gukomeza kundogoya no kuntesha igihe ariko imbuza gukora vuba akazi nsabwa kwikorera.
Nyamara mu kanya gato nkisanga navuye aho nari ndi nyisanga ngo nyifashishe nkora ikintu ntashobora gukora- cyangwa ntabasha gukora neza uko byifuzwa- ntayikoresheje. Urugero niba mpuye n’ijambo ntazi cyangwa ntumva neza, hari ubwo mpita nyirukankiraho nkarireba mu nkoranya cyangwa nkaribaza ‘sogokuru’ Google.
Nawe se!!! Ndashaka kwishyura ikintu runaka haba kuri butike cyangwa muri resitora, ni telefoni. Nubwo baba badakoresha Airtel Money cyangwa Mobile Money, ubwo ndahita mpamagara ‘umu-agent’ wa kimwe muri ibyo bigo ambikurire ubundi nishyure.
Ndapanga guhura n’inshuti tudaherukanye ngo dusangire agacupa, ni telefoni. Ndashaka gusohokana umukobwa ngo tuganire ku by’umubano gabo gore wo mu myaka iri imbere, nta handi namuhera gahunda atari kuri telefoni. Ndashaka kumenya amakuru y’abo mu muryango wanjye batuye kure y’aho mba ubu, nta bundi buryo nifashisha butari telefoni.
Kumenya iteganyagihe, niba imvura iza kugwa mu karere ntuyemo ngo menye niba nitwaza umupira w’imbeho cyangwa ikoti ry’imvura, telefoni ni yo ibimbwira. Ngize ntya ntekereje ibango ryo kongera ku muvugo nahimbye, cyangwa se wenda n’igitekerezo cy’inkuru kinje mu mutwe, nta handi mbishyira ni kuri telefoni.
Gufata ifoto cyangwa videwo y’agashya kabereye ku gasantere kahansanze, kumva amakuru, kumenya umuhanda mushya ndimo niba ungeza aho nerekeje, guteranya cyangwa gukuba imibare byihuse, yewe no kwatsa itoroshi umwijima ubaye mwinshi mu nzu,ndetse no kugura umuriro igihe ushize, ni telefoni, telefoni, telefoni.
Hari inyigo iherutse gusohoka yasanze ko abantu bakuze bo muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika nibura bareba muri telefoni zabo inshuro 344 ku kigereranyo- bakabikora nibura rimwe mu minota ine- hanyuma kandi bakamara amasaha atatu ku munsi kuri ibi bikoresho muri rusange.
Ikibazo rero kuri benshi muri twe ni uko ikintu cyamaze kuba nk’inshingano yihutirwa [benshi tutanahemberwa] ari ukujya kureba igishya ku mbuga nkoranyambaga cyangwa kureba za imeyili zacu usanga bituma twirirwa ubudashira tuzamura tumanura intoki (scrolling) muri telefoni zacuuuu ugasanga amasaha arihiritse twibereye muri urwo.
Ni uruziga ruteye ubwoba. Uko telefoni zigenda zongera uko ziba iz’ingirakamaro kuri twe, ni ko tuzikoresha cyane kurushaho. Uko tuzikoresha kurushaho, ni ko tugenda tumenyereza inzira z’ubwonko bwacu zituyobora zinadutegeka gutora telefoni ngo tuzikoreshe buri gakorwa kose dusabwa gukora uwo mwanya hari n’utwo twakwikorera tutazifite- bikaba ari na ko kandi twiyumvamo ubushake no kwifuza kureba muri telefoni zacu n’igihe tutanabikeneye.
Uretse kuba ingenzi mu isi yabaye umudugudu kubera interineti no kuba ku mbuga nkoranyamabaga zaramaze kuba nk’idini ubwazo n’ikoranabuhanga rihindura ubwiza cyangwa rikabukabya, ubundi ni gute ukwishingikiriza kwacu kuri izi telefoni bikora ku bwonko bwacu? Ese byose ni bibi kuri twe, cyangwa hari ibyiza twazikesha?
Nk’uko wabyitega, uko tugenda twongera ikigero dushingira ubusabane bwacu nk’abagize umuryango mugari kuri telefoni, bikagenda byiyongera uko umwaka ushira undi ugataha, biragora abashakashatsi kugendana n’umuvuduko w’iki kibazo.
Icyo tuzi ubu ni uko kureka ibyo twakoraga ngo turebe muri telefoni cyangwa kureba imenyesha [notification] twumvise ridiha muri telefoni bishobora kugira ingaruka zitari nziza kuri twe. Nta gitangaza kuri muri ibyo; tuzi ko, muri rusange, ingeso yo gukorera ibintu birenze kimwe rimwe (multitasking) binaniza cyangwa bikadindiza ubushobozi bwacu bwo kwibuka n’ubushobozi bwo gukora k’ubwonko bwacu. Ni kumwe Umunyarwanda yabiciyemo umugani ngo “Imirimo Ibiri Yananiye Impyisi.”
Urugero rumwe rwerekana uburyo gukoresha telefoni ubwabyo bishobora guteza umuntu akaga gakomeye ni ugukoresha telefoni utwaye imodoka. Hari inyigo imwe yagaragaje uburyo kuvugira gusa kuri telefoni, bitari ukwandika ubutumwa, bihagije ngo bigabanye umuvuduko abashoferi bakoresha birwanaho cyangwa batabara igihe bisanze mu kibazo (situation) kibasaba gutekereza vuba ngo batabare ubuzima bwabo n’abo batwaye. Ibi kandi ni na ko bimera ku zindi nshingano zacu zoroheje za buri munsi.
Kumva gusa telefoni isona ‘ding’ nk’aho haje ubutumwa bwo kuri WhatsApp cyangwa irindi menyesha ‘notification’ iryo ari ryo ryose byatumye umusaruro uba muke kurushaho ku kazi ku babajijwe mu bushakashatsi bumwe bagombaga gukora- ku kigero kimwe n’abandi babajijwe ku gihe bavugiraga kuri telefoni cyangwa bandika ubutumwa bari mu kazi runaka bagombaga kurangiza. Ni ukuvuga ko kumva gusa telefoni idiha bikugabaniriza umusaruro kimwe n’uwayivugiragaho.
Gukoresha telefoni si byo bigira ingaruka gusa- no kuba iri aho hafi gusa na byo bigira ingaruka ku buryo dutekereza
Mu bushakashatsi bumwe bwa vuba aha, ni urugero, abashakashatsi basabye ababwitabiriye gushyira telefoni zabo hafi yabo ku buryo baba bazireba (nko ku meza), cyangwa hafi aho batazirora (nko mu gikapu cyangwa mu mufuka) cyangwa mu kindi cyumba.
Aba bakorerwagaho ubushakashatsi bakoze ibizamini byo gupima ubushobozi bwabo bwo gufata mu mutwe no kwibuka amakuru , gukemura ibibazo n’amahurizo no kuguma ku kintu kimwe ukacyibandaho.
Aba byasanzwe ko babikora neza bagatsinda ibi bizamini ku manota ari hejuru igihe telefoni zabo ziri mu kindi cyumba kurusha uko zaba ziri hafi yabo – zaba zigaragara bazirora, zaka cyangwa zijimije. Byagumye ari uku bimeze kandi nubwo benshi mu bakoreweho ubu bushakashatsi bavuze ko batakomeje gutekereza kuri izi telefoni zabo mu buryo batabanje gutekerezaho.
Bisa n’aho kuba telefoni ituri hafi gusa byonyine ari ikintu kinaniza ubwonko bwacu ‘brain drain’. Ubwonko bwacu mu buryo tutazi bukora akazi ko kwifuza kureba muri telefoni zacu, cyangwa kuba dusa n’aho dutegereje ikintu cyatuma tuzirebamo nka ‘notification’ cyangwa ‘sms’. Iyi mimerere yo muri ako kanya rero ituma tuvana ingufu z’ubwonko bwacu ku cyo twakoraga maze kikadukomerera kurushaho kandi kigatinda kurangira, bituma umusaruro twari diteganije cyangwa twari twitezweho ugabanuka byanga bikunda.
Kugira ngo dukemure iki kibazo rero, “igisubizo rukumbi” ni ugushyira telefoni mu kindi cyumba aho tutabasha kuyumva no kuyibona, ni ko abashakashatsi babibonye.
Ayo si amakuru mabi se? Ariko – nk’uko na none abashakashatsi babibonye mu bihe bitari ibya kera- ngo birashoboka ko hari ibyiza n’inyungu ukwishingikiriza kuri telefoni cyane byaba bidufitiye, na byo.
Urugero, ni ibintu bisanzwe bizwi ko kwishingikiriza telefoni zacu no kuzikoresha buri kintu bitugabanyiriza ubushobozi bwo kwibuka. Ariko mu by’ukuri ngo si uko bikwiye kumvikana gusa.
Mu bushakashatsi bwa vuba aha, abakorerabushake beretswe ‘screen’ [ecran] ya telefoni irimo inziga zanditsweho imibare bagombaga kujyana ku ruhande rumwe cyangwa urundi. Uko umubare wabaga ari munini ku ruziga, ni ko umukorerabushake yagombaga kwishyurwa iyo yabaga awujyanye ku ruhande rwa nyarwo.
Mu gice kimwe cy’ibi bizamini, abitabiriye ubu bushakashatsi bemerewe kwandika, kuri ‘screen’, inziga n’uruhande zigomba kujyamo. Ni mu gihe ikindi kimwe cya kabiri bagombaga noneho gufata mu mutwe iyi mibare bakoresheje ubwonko bwabo nta telefoni bakoresheje.
Bidatunguranye, kubasha gukoresha inyibutsa y’ikoranabuhanga byarabafashije bituma batsinda ibizamini kurushaho. Bitunguranye kurushaho? Ubwo bakoreshaga izo nyibutsa z’ikoranabuhanga, basanze bibuka cyane inziga zariho imibare minini kandi basanga n’izo batari banditse kuko zifite imibari mito bari bakizibuka neza.
Abashakashatsi batekereza ko kuba barafashe amakuru y’ingenzi bakizera igikoresho cy’ikoranabuhanga bakayacyandikamo ngo kize kuyabibutsa byaratumye noneho bakoresha ubwonko bwabo babika amakuru bitwa ko atari ay’ingenzi. Ni nk’aho igice cy’ubwonko bagombaga gukoresha babikamo amakuru y’ingenzi ari cyo bakoresheje babikamo atari ay’ingenzi kuko andi bari bayabitse muri telefoni.
Mu Burengerazuba bw’isi batekereza ko ubwonko bufite ubushobozi bugira aho bugarukira
Ikibazo na none kiva mu kwishingikiriza telefoni? Muri bwa bushakashatsi, ubwo ababukorerwagaho batari bemerewe gukoresha telefoni ngo bandikemo ya mibare, bakomeje kwibuka ya mibare mito bari bafashe mu mutwe – ariko imibare minini yo ntibayibukaga.
Bizafata imyaka myinshi y’ubushakashatsi mbere y’uko tumenya neza mu by’ukuri icyo ukwishingikiriza kwacu kuri telefoni gukora ku bushobozi bw’ubwonko bwacu by’umwihariko ubwo gufata mu mutwe no kwibuka. Hagati aho, nubwo bimeze bityo, hari ubundi buryo dushobora kugerageza guhangana n’ingaruka zabyo mbi. Ibi bifite aho bihurira cyane n’uburyo dutekereza ku bwonko bwacu.
Nk’uko mugenzi wanjye twahoze dukorana, David Robson yabyanditse mu gitabo cye The Expectation Effect, ubushakashatsi buheruka bwashushe n’ubwibaza ku myumvire ivuga ko, niba turamutse dukoresheje ubwonko bwacu mu buryo bumwe (urugero telefoni yasona ntituyirebeho), twagabanya ububiko bw’ubwonko bwacu byatuma kwibanda ku kandi kazi twakoraga bidukomerera kurushaho ariko bitari cyane. Ibi ngo bishobora ari ukuri, ariko nk’uko Robson yabyanditse, byose biterwa n’ibyo twishyize mu bwonko, n’ibyo dushaka kwizera.
Abantu batekereza ko ubwonko bwacu bufite ubushobozi bufite aho bugarukira (nk’ubwo kwihanganira ikigeragezo cyo kureba muri telefoni igihe isonnye bituma n’igikurikira bigorana kurushaho kucyihanganira) mu bizamini bibagaragaraho kurusha abandi. Gukoresha ukwigenzura cyangwa umunaniro w’ubwonko ku murimo umwe twerekejeho amaboko nta ngaruka bigira ku musaruro n’uburyo dukoramo umurimo ukurikira.
Igiteye amatsiko kurushaho ariko na none, ni uko kuba dutekereza ko ubwonko bwacu bufite ubushobozi bugira ho bugarukira ari ikintu gishingira ku mico y’ibihugu n’aho iterambere mu ikoranabuhanga rigeze- kuko nko mu bihugu byo mu Burengerazuba nka Amerika batekereza ko ubushobozi bw’ubwonko bw’umuntu bufite aho bugarukira ugereranije n’abo mu muco nk’uwo mu bihugu k’Ubuhinde.
Icyo twakura muri ibi ni iki? Abantu dukwiye kugabanya umwanya tumara kuri telefoni igihe nta nyungu bidufitiye ndetse tukitoza kutajya kuri telefoni no kuyikoresha nk’abazerera mu isoko twagiyemo tutajyanywe no guhaha ndetse tutarigiyemo gucuruza. Njye intego nihaye ni uko igihe mfite akandi kazi nkora nzajya nyishyira mu kindi cyumba.
Ariko na none nzahora iteka niyibutsa ko ubwonko bwanjye bufite ubushobozi n’ububiko bugari kurusha uko mbitekereza¬¬¬- kandi ko igihe cyose ntsinze ikigeragezo cyo kureba muri telefoni kuko numvise haje ubutumwa cyangwa ‘notifitication’ nzaba mfasha ubwonko bwanjye kurema no kwitoza inzira zizamfasha buhoro buhoro gutsinda bene ibyo bigeragezo wenda n’ibindi byose bituma ntakaza umwanya utagakwiye kuri telefoni mu bihe bizaza.
Iyi nkuru yanditswe na Amanda Ruggeri ku rubuga rwa BBC. Ubwo yandikaga iyi nkuru, inshuro imwe nsa ni yo yaretse kwandika agira ngo arebe muri telefoni maze yisanga azamura ayimanuramo urutoki mu gihe cy’iminita itanu. Bitewe n’uburyo yatekerezaga kuri telefoni ubwo yandikaga iyi nyandiko, atekereza ko kuba yararogowe na telefoni igihe cy’iminota itanu yonyine ari intsinzi n’igitego kuri we.
