Iyo umuntu apfuye urupfu rukemangwa, bivugwa ko ajyanywe gukorerwa ikizamni cya ‘Autopsie/ autopsy’ngo hamenyekane impamvu nyakuri yatumye ava mu mubiri.
Iki kizamini gikorwa gute?Ninde utanga uburenganzira ngo gikorwe?Gikorwa mu bihe byiciro?Gifite akahe kamaro?Ibi ni bindi wibaza nibyo tugiye kurebera hamwe muri iyi nkuru.
Mu nyandiko ya Medical Net yitwa ‘Autopsy (Post Mortem Examination, Necropsy)’, bagaragaza ko autopsy idatangiye gufatwa muri iki gihe. Muri 3500 mbere y’ivuka rya Yesu/Yezu , mu bwami bwa Babylon (soma babiloni)ngo bakoraga ibizamini bya Autopsy ku nyamaswa , hatagamijwe kureba niba zifite uburwayi runaka ahubwo bagamije kureba uko ahazaza hazaba hameze(ibyo n’Abanyarwanda bakoraga hambere baraguza bifashishije urugimbu ). Abo mu bwami bwa Babylon nabo bifashishaga inyama z’amara n’umwijima.
Ibizamini bya Autopsy bimenyerewe na benshi bikunda kugaragazwa kuri Televiziyo cyangwa muri filime zinyuramye ni izitegekwa n’inzego z’umutekano mu rwego rwo gukemura ikibazo runaka, urupfu rutunguranye cyangwa rukemangwa. Ariko mwene ibi bizamini bishobora no gukorwa mu rwego rwo gukora ubushakashatsi ku ndwara cyangwa mu kwigisha ubuvuzi (medical training).
Muri iyi nkuru turibanda ku kizamini cya ‘Autopsy’ gikorwa igihe hakenewe kugaragaza impamvu nyakuri y’urupfu rw’umuntu runaka.
Ikizamini cya autopsie/ autopsy gifatwa na nde?
Ikizamini cya autopsie/ autopsy nanone bita Post Mortem Examination cyangwa Necropsy, gikorwa n’umuganga w’inzobere muri byo(pathologist) kandi uzi kubasha gusesengura neza imiterere y’umubiri n’amatembabuzi yawo.
Gikorerwa ku mubiri w’umuntu wamaze gupfa, hagamijwe kugaragaza nibura ibintu 4 :igihe umuntu yapfiriye, icyateye urupfu, aho umubiri waba wagize ukwangirika byaba bitewe n’indi mpamvu runaka cyangwa iy’uburwayi ndetse n’ubwoko bw’urupfu yapfuye(kwiyahura, kwicwa cyangwa indi mpamvu isanzwe).
Umubiri w’umuntu wapfuye hari iperereza rikenewe gukorwa ngo hamenyekane icyamwishe, ukorerwa’Autopsie’. Mu gihe umurwayi apfuye bitunguranye ari kuvurwa nabwo umuryango we ubikeneye hakorwa iki kizamini hakamenyekana neza impamvu y’urupfu rw’umuntu wabo.
Mu gihe umuntu hakekwa ko yaba yishwe cyangwa indi mpamvu runaka yakenerwa gukorwaho iperereza, urwego rwa Polisi ruba rugomba kujya ahabereye icyaha rugafasha mu gukusanya ibimenyetso byakwifashishwa mu kumenya impamvu yateye urwo rupfu.
Bitewe n’igikekwa ko cyishe umuntu, ikizamini cya autopsie gikorerwa ku bice bimwe by’umubiri bitabaye ngombwa ko umubiri wose ukorerwa isuzuma. Urugero nk’umuntu wapfuye azize indwara y’umwijima, isuzuma ry’iki gice cy’umubiri rirahagije ngo hamenyekane neza inkomoko y’urupfu rwe.
Gusuzuma umubiri w’inyuma(Examen externe du corps/External examination)
Mu nkuru cyahaye umutwe ugira uti ‘Médecine Légale – Examen du corps et autopsie médico-légale’ , ikinyamakuru Police Scientifique gitangaza ko mbere na mbere umuganga aba agomba gusuzuma uko umubiri umeze inyuma.
Ashobora kubona amaraso, ibiyobyabwenge, imiti , amasasu n’ibindi bigararira amaso. Iyo umubiri w’uwitabye Imana wakuwe aho wari uri, umuganga abaza ushinzwe iperereza uburyo basanze umubiri wari umeze :Niba yari aryamye mu buriri , mu cyogero, amanitse, isura ifatanye n’ubutaka,…Uretse mu bihe bidasanzwe, ubundi inzego za Polisi zibanza gufata amafoto y’uko basanze umurambo umeze. Birabujijwe kwimura , gukura cyangwa kugira isuzumwa rikorerwa umurambo hatari umuganga ukora isuzuma cyangwa adatanze uburenganzira.
Ni iki umuganga aba ashaka mu isuzuma ryo ku mubiri inyuma ?
Iyo asuzuma umubiri w’inyuma, umuganga ahera ku mutwe, agasuzuma igihimba kugeza ku mpera z’amaguru.Ku mutwe asuzuma niba mu maso nta bisebe, ukwangirika kw’isura, agasuzuma amaso n’imboni, ahantu hose hari umwenge(umunwa, amazuru, amatwi) ashakisha niba nta bisebe biriho, kuvunika cyangwa niba amenyo atahongotse,…Iri suzuma ninaryo akora no ku bice byo ku gihimba, ndangagitsina, ..kugeza ku maguru. Isuzuma ry’amenyo ninaryo rifasha mu kumenya uwitabye Imana igihe hatamenyekanye neza umwirondoro we nyakuri.
Mu nkuru Live Science yahaye umutwe ugira uti ’What Exactly Do They Do During an Autopsy?’ bavuga ko rimwe na rimwe hari igihe biba ngombwa ko umuganga apima umubiri anifashishije ikizamini cya X Rays/Rayons X kugira ngo arebe niba hari naho amagufwa yangiritse, aho amasasu ari mu mubiri igihe yarashwe cyangwa ikindi kintu icyo aricyo cyose cyaba cyashyizwe mu mubiri. Ibi byose bikorerwa ahantu hari urumuri, ukorerwa isuzuma yakuwemo imyambaro.
Ikizamini cy’imbere mu mubiri (L’examen interne /Internal examination)
Iyo umuganga amaze gufata ikizamini cy’inyuma ku mubiri, ntihaboneke impamvu nyakuri y’urupfu, atangira gusuzuma n’ibice by’imbere mu mubiri bitagaragarira amaso. Abaga umubiri mu buryo bufite ishusho y’inyuguti ya Y cyangwa U nk’uko Medecine Net yabyanditse mu nyandiko yayo ‘Autopsy (Post Mortem Examination, Necropsy)’.
Ibice byo mu gituza no mu nda nk’umutima, umwijima, ibihaha, impyiko,amara, uruhago,..n’ ibice ndangagitsina abanza kubisuzuma bikiri mu mubiri , ubundi akabikuramo, akabipima , akandika buri kintu kidasanzwe agenda abona. Iyo bibaye ngombwa asuzuma no mu mutwe, bitewe n’impamvu ikekwa gutera urupfu, akaba yanakuramo ubwonko. Ntabwo bikunze kubaho ko habagwa inyama z’isura, amaboko cyangwa amaguru ngo bikorerwe isuzuma.
Umuganga afata buri gace ka buri gice cyo mu mubiri imbere yakuyemo(échantillons d’organes et de tissus prélevés) akagasuzuma yifashishije ‘microscope’. Ibi bifasha umuganga kubasha kubona neza inkomoko y’urupfu rw’umuntu, tuvuge urugero nk’igihe yahawe uburozi bwa ‘monoxyde de carbone’. Dukomereje kuri uru rugero rw’uburozi, umuganga abasha kubona ubwoko bw’uburozi buri mu maraso y’uwapfuye n’ikigero ubwo burozi buriho. Icyo gihe amaraso, inkari n’inyama zo mu nda zirasuzumwa.
Gufata amaraso ni igikorwa cy’ingenzi kuko ariho bigaragarira niba uwo muntu yakoreshaga ibiyobyabwenge, yanywaga inzoga, ‘infection’, ndetse niba yanarozwe nk’uko twabibonye haruguru. Umuganga anafata inkari yifashishije’syringe ‘ azikuye mu ruhago . Nko ku maraso, mu nkari naho hasuzumirwa ikoreshwa ry’ibiyobyabwenge cyangwa uburozi.
Nyuma y’uko umuganga akuyemo umutima n’ibihaha, abanza gusuzuma niba ntakibazo bifite, ubundi agafata amaraso akuye mu mutima. Iyo buri gice gikuwe mu mubiri kigasuzumwa ukwacyo ni tekiniki bita’Virchow technique’. Hari ubundi buryo ibice bikurwamo bifatanye(connected group), bigasuzumirwa hamwe. Iyo niyo bita ‘Rokitansky technique’.
Iyo ikizamini kirangiye, hakurikiraho igice cy’ingenzi, kitari ugutanga ibisubizo mu bucamanza cyangwa ahandi bikenewe, ahubwo hakurikiraho gusubiza ibice byakuwe mu mubiri mu mwanya wabyo, umubiri ukozwa neza, ugasubiranywa, ukambikwa, ukabona guhabwa abo mu muryango.
Ikizamini cyose gikorwa umuganga yandika. Iyo birangiye, atanga umwanzuro w’icyateye urupfu. Agatanga n’impamvu zishyigikira icyemezo cye ari nako agaragaza uko Autopsy yakozwe , akagaragaza na buri kantu kose n’iyo kaba gato kadasanzwe yabonye kuko kifashishwa mu gufata umwicanyi cyangwa mu gutuma umuryango w’uwitabye Imana utuza.
Kuki ibi bizamini ari ingenzi ?
Tuvuge umuntu runaka asanzwe ku mugozi amanitse. Icyo abantu bahita batekereza ni uko yiyahuye. Nyamara nyuma y’uko akorewe ikizamini cya’ Autopsie’ , agakurwamo umutima, ibihaha, impyiko, umwijima,…ibisubizo bishobora kugaragaza ko atigeze agira ikibazo cyo guhera umwuka(asphyxiation), bityo ko ahubwo ashobora kuba yashyizwe mu mugozi nyuma yo kwicwa. Uru ni rumwe mu rugero rugaragaza akamaro k’ibi bizamini.
Mu Rwanda ibi bizamini bifatirwa he ?
Mu kiganiro yagiranye na Rwandamagazine.com, Dr. Sebatunzi Osee ukuriye ibitaro bya Kibagabaga byo mu Mujyi wa Kigali, yadutangarije ko nabo bajya bakora ubu bwoko bw’ibizamini ariko ko ibyinshi babyohereza ku bitaro bya Polisi biri ku Kacyiru kuko ariho hari ibikoresho n’abaganga b’inzobere mu kubifata. Dr Sebatunzi avuga ko indi mpamvu ahanini ariho bikorerwa ari uko ahanini ibi bizamini bikenerwa cyane mu gihe cy’iperereza, mu gihe umuntu yapfuye urupfu rutunguranye, yishwe,…
Umuryango w’umuntu cyangwa umuganga nibo bashobora gusaba ko hasuzumwa hakamenyekana inkomoko y’urupfu ariko Dr. Sebatunzi anongeraho ko inzego zishinzwe umutekano nazo zishobora gusaba ko hafatwa ibi bizamini ngo babyibafashe mu iperereza.
Ibi n’ibyo wamenya ku kizamini cya ‘autopsie/ autopsy’. Niba ufite indi ngingo ufiteho amatsiko wifuza ko twazandika mu minsi itaha, watwandikira kuri email :
[email protected]
