Mu 2016 aba ’hackers’ bo muri Koreya ya Ruguru bateguye umugambi wo kwiba miliyari y’amadorari Banki nkuru ya Bangladesh bagera bugufi cyane yo gutwara ako kayabo - bahagaritswe bamaze gutunda miliyoni $81. Ariko se ni gute kimwe mu bihugu bikennye cyane ku isi kandi kitabana cyane n’ibindi cyabashije gutoza abahanga mu gukora ubujura nk’ubwo?
Byose byatangiye ari imprimante/printer igira ikibazo. Ni ibisanzwe mu buzima bwa none, rero bibaye ku bakozi ba Banki nkuru ya Bangladesh bacyetse ko ari ibisanzwe kuri twese: iki ni ikindi kibazo cy’ikoranabuhanga. Ntibyabonekaga nk’ikintu gikomeye.
Ariko ntabwo yari ’printer’ gusa, kandi ntabwo byari muri banki isanzwe.
Bangladesh Bank niyo nkuru mu gihugu, igenzura ikanabika amafaranga y’iki gihugu mu gihugu kirimo miliyoni nyinshi z’ababaho mu bukene.
Naho printer yagize uruhare rukomeye. Yari iri imbere mu cyumba gicungwa cyane mu igorofa rya 10 ku kicaro gikuru cy’iyi banki mu murwa mukuru Dhaka. Akazi kayo ni ugusohora impapuro zanditseho uburyo miliyoni nyinshi z’amadorari zinjiye zikanasohoka muri iyi banki.
Ubwo abakozi basangaga idakora, saa 08:45 kuwa gatanu tariki 05/02/2016, "twacyetse ko ari ikibazo kibaho nk’uko bishoboka undi munsi wose", niko umukuru w’iyi banki Zubair Bin Huda yabwiye polisi. "Utubazo nk’utu twabayeho na mbere".
Ariko mu by’ukuri, iki cyari ikimenyetso cya mbere ko Bangladesh Bank iri mu kaga. Aba-hackers bari binjiye mu mikorere ya mudasobwa zaho, kandi muri ako kanya bariho bakora igitero kinini kuri mudasobwa kigeze kibaho. Intego yabo: kwiba miliyari y’amadorari.
Kuyobora amafaranga agasohoka, abari inyuma y’iki gitero bari gukoresha konti za banki mpimbano, imiryango ifasha, casinos n’umungo munini w’abafatanyacyaha.
Ariko se aba ba-hackers bari ba nde kandi bari aba hehe?
Abakoze iperereza bavuga ko ibimenyetso by’ikoranabuhanga byerekana akantu hamwe: guverinoma ya Koreya ya Ruguru.
Iyi ni inkuru ya BBC World Service podcast, The Lazarus Heist.
Kuba Koreya ya Ruguru yarabaye ukekwa mukuru muri iki kirego cy’ubujura mu ikoranabuhanga ni ugutungurwa kuri bamwe. Ni kimwe mu bihugu bikennye cyane ku isi, kandi kidakorana cyane n’ibindi ku isi - mu ikoranabuhanga, mu bukungu, no mu zindi nzira hafi ya zose.
Ariko FBI, ivuga ko ubu busahuzi kuri Bangladesh Bank ari umusozo w’imyaka yo gutegura ikipe y’aba-hackers n’abazabafasha muri Aziya, bakora bafashijwe na leta ya Koreya ya Ruguru.
Mu bijyanye n’umutekano mu ikoranabuhanga aba-hackers bo muri Koreya ya Ruguru bazwi nka Lazarus Group, mu kuvuga ku muntu wo muri Bibiiya wazutse mu bapfuye; inzobere zagiye zivumbura virusi bakora zivuga ko nabo ari abantu bahanyanyaza.
Nta byinshi bizwi kuri iryo tsinda, nubwo FBI yakoze igishushanyo cy’umwe mu bakekwa; Park Jin-hyok, unafite amazina ya Pak-Jin-hek na Park Kwang-jin.
Imugaragaza nka ’computer programmer’ warangije muri imwe muri kaminuza zikomeye mu gihugu akajya gukora muri kompanyi ya Koreya ya Ruguru yitwa Chosun Expo, mu mujyi w’Ubushinwa wo ku cyambu witwa Dalian, ikora imikino yo kuri internet na programs z’urusimbi ni gutega ku babikenera ku isi.
Ari i Dalian, yafunguye email adress, akora CV, anakoresha imbuga nkoranyambaga kugira ngo agire abantu. Ibimenyetso by’ikoranabuhanga byerekana ko kuva mu 2002 yari i Dalian naho mu 2013 na 2014 akajya ajyayo akanavayo,aho ibimeyetso bya FBI bigaragaza ko ibikorwa bye kuri internet yabikoreraga i Pyongyang.
FBI igaragaza ifoto yo mu 2011 yakuwe muri e mail yoherejwe n’umukuru wa Chosun Expo yereka Park umukiriya wo hanze. Yerekana umusore usa neza wo muri Korea w’ikigero cy’imyaka isoza 20 cyangwa itangirira 30, yambaye ishati y’umukara n’ikoti ry’ikigina cyerurutse, nta kintu kidasanzwe, ukiyibona, uretse kuba abyibushye mu maso.
Ariko FBI ivuga ko mu gihe kumanywa yakoraga nka ’programmer’, nijoro yakoraga nk’umu-hacker.
Mu kwa gatanadtu 2018, abategetsi ba Amerika bashinje Park icyaha cyo kugambira ubujura bwifashishije mudasobwa, n’icaha cyo kwiba ukoresheje emails n’ubutumwa hagati y’ukwa cyenda 2014 n’ukwa munani 2017. Ashobora gufungwa imyaka igera kuri 20 mu gihe yashakishwa agafatwa. Gusa yasubiye muri Koreya ya Ruguru mbere y’uko ibi birego bisohoka.
Ariko Park, niba iri ari izina rye ry’ukuri, ntiyabaye umu-hacker w’igihugu ako kanya. Ni umwe mu bihumbi by’urubyiruko rwo muri Koreya ya Ruguru rwatojwe kuva ari abana kuba abarwanyi kuri mudasobwa - abanyempano mu mibare b’imyaka igera kuri 12 bakuwe mu mashuri yabo bakoherezwa mu murwa mukuru, aho bahabwa amasomo akomeye kuva mu gitondo kugera nijoro.
Ubwo abakozi ba ya banki bongeraga gukora ’printer’, babonye amakuru ateye ubwoba cyane. Impapuro zasohokaga zari iz’ubutumwa bwihutirwa bwa Federal Reserve Bank y’i New York - the "Fed" - aho Bangladesh ifite konti y’amadorari. The Fed yari yabonye amabwiriza, asa n’ayavuye muri Bangladesh Bank, yo kweza konti yabo yose - yarimo hafi asaga miliyari y’amadorari.
Abo muri Bangladesh bahise bagerageza kubaza Fed neza, ariko kubw’ubuhanga bw’aba-hacker mu kubariranya ibihe neza, ntibyahise bishoboka ko bavugana.
Aba ba-hackers batangiye ibyabo ahagana saa 20:00 ku isaha ya Bangladesh kuwa kane tariki 04/02. Ariko i New York hari kuwa kane mu gitondo, biha Fed umwanya urambuye wo gukora ibyo aba-hackers bifuza mu gihe Bangladesh isinziriye.
Ijoro mu mujyi wa Dhaka, umurwa mukuru wa Bangladesh
Umunsi ukurikiyeho, kuwa gatanu, yari intangiriro ya weekend muri Bangladesh, aho iva kuwa gatanu ikageza kuwa gatandatu. Rero ibiro bikuru bya Banki i Dhaka byari bitangiye iminsi ibiri bifunze. Kandi igihe muri Bangladesh abatangiye kubona ubwo bujura kuwa gatandatu, byari byageze muri weekend i New York.
Rakesh Asthana inzobere muri ’cyber’security’ yo muri Amerika iti: "Urumva rero ubuhanga bw’iki gitero. Itariki yo kuwa kane nijoro yari ifite intego isobanutse neza. Kuwa gatanu New York irakora ariko Bangladesh Bank iba ifunze. Mu gihe Bangladesh Bank igarutse ku murongo the Federal Reserve Bank iba ifunze. Ibi byatindijeho hafi iminsi itatu kuvumbura uwo mugambi."
Kandi abo ba’hackers nabo bari bafite andi mayeri yo kubona ikindi gihe. Mu gihe bamaze kuvana ayo mafaranga muri Fed bagombaga kugira aho bayohereza. Bayohereje kuri konti bafunguye i Manila, umurwa mukuru wa Philippines. Kandi mu 2016, kuwa mbere tariki 08/02 wari umunsi wa mbere w’umwaka mushya w’Ukwezi, undi munsi w’ikiruhuko muri Aziya.
Mu kubyaza umusaruro igihe hagati ya Bangladesh, New York na Philippines, aba bajura bari batunganyije iminsi itanu myiza yo kwandurukana ayo mafaranga nta nkomyi.
Bari barafashe igihe gihagije cyo gutegura ibi byose, kuko byaje kuboneka ko Lazarus Group yari imaze umwaka igerageza kwinjira mu mikorere ya mudasobwa za Bangladesh Bank.
Mu kwezi kwa mbere 2015, email iteye amakenga yohererejwe abakozi benshi ba Bangladesh Bank. Yari ivuye ku muntu ushaka akazi wiyitaga Rasel Ahlam. Mu kinyabupfura cyinshi yasabaga kumanura (download) CV ye n’ibaruwa isaba kuri website runaka. Byibuze umuntu umwe muri iyo banki yaguye muri uwo mutego ajya kumanura izo nyandiko aba akwije virus ihishemo muri mudasobwa zose.
Mu by’ukuri, Rasel ntabaho - ryari izina gusa riri gukoreshwa na Lazarus Group, nk’uko abakoze iperereza ba FBI babivuga.
Igeze mu mikorere ya mudasobwa z’iyi banki, Lazarus Group yahise itangira kwiba ibyo ikeneye muri buri mudasobwa, itegura inzira zayo zishoboka mu kugera kuri miliyari z’amadorari zica kuri iyi banki.
Maze barangije ibyabo barekera aho.
Kuki aba ba-hackers bibye ariya maafranga umwaka wose nyuma y’uko iriya email igeze muri iriya banki? Kuki nyuma y’icyo gihe cyose ari bwo babonye ko imikorere ya mudasobwa zabo yinjiriwe? Bisa n’aho ari uko bari bakeneye igihe gihagije cyo gutegura inzira bazacishamo amafaranga bibye.
Ishami rya Jupiter St rya RCBC bank i Manilla
Jupiter Street ni ahantu haba hahuze cyane muri Manila Iruhande rwa hotel n’ivuriro ry’amenyo hari ishami rya RCBC, imwe muri banki nini muri Philippines.
Mu kwa gatanu 2015, amezi macye nyuma y’uko aba-hackers binjiye mu mikorere ya mudasobwa za Bangladesh Bank, konti enye za banki zafunguwe n’abakorana na ba ba-hakers.
Ariko urebye neza, hari ibimenyetso bimwe byatera impungenge, ibyangombwa byo gutwara imodoka byakoreshejwe mu gufungura izo konti byari ibihimbano, kandi abazifunguye bose bari bafite neza neza akazi kamwe bahembwa umushahara umwe nyamara muri kompanyi zitandukanye. Ariko ntawabigizeho amakenga.
Mu mezi ane izi konti zari zisinziriye, $500 ashyirwaho mu gufungura nta uyakoraho mu gihe aba-hackers bariho bategura ibindi bikenewe mu mugambi wabo.
Mu kwezi kwa kabiri 2016, bamaze kwinjira neza muri Bangladesh bank no gukora aho bazohereza amafaranga, Lazarus Group yari yiteguye neza.
Ariko bari bagifite ikindi kibazo cyo gukemura - ’printer’ yo mu igorofa rya 10. Bangladesh Bank yakoze uburyo bwo kubika mu mpapuro amakuru yo guhererekanya yose buciye muri konti zayo. Ubu buryo bwashoboraga kugaragaza ibyo aba-hackers barimo biri kuba. Bityo binjiye muri ’software’ ikoresha iriya ’printer’ barayihagarika.
Mu gihe inzira zose zicyeye, saa 20:36 kuwa kane tariki 04/02/2016, batangira kohereza (transfers) kwabo - bagombaga kohereza kose hamwe 35 hakagenda miliyoni $951, hafi imari yose ya Bangladesh Bank iri muri Fed. Aba bajura bari mu nzira y’ubujura bw’amateka - ariko nko muri filimi za Hollywood, akantu kamwe gatoya kashoboraga kubahagarika.
Mu gihe Bangladesh bank ibonye amafaranga ari kubura muri iyo weekend, byarabagoye kumenya ibintu biri kuba. Guverineri w’iyi banki yari azi Rakesh Asthana na kompanyi ye, World Informatix, aramuhamagara ngo abafashe. Aho byari bigeze, nk’uko Asthana abivuga, guverineri yari azi ko ashobora kugarura amafaranga yibwe. Bityo aya makuru akomeza kuyagira ibanga - ritabwiwe rubanda gusa ahubwo ntibyabwirwa na guverinoma ye.
Hagati aho, Asthana yariho abona uburyo ari ubujura burenze. Abona ko abajura babashije kugera ku hantu h’ingenzi cyane muri ’system’ ya Bangladesh Bank, hitwa Swift. Ni ’system’ ikoreshwa na banki ibihumbi ku isi mu gukora za ’transfers’ z’amafaranga menshi cyane hagati yazo.
Aba-hackers ntabwo bigeze bagerageza guca intege nke za Swift - ntibari babikeneye - kuko mu bijyanye na ’software’ ya Swift ubwayo abariho bakoresha iyi babonekaga nk’abakozi nyabo basanzwe ba banki.
Ntibyatinze ngo abakozi ba Bangladesh Bank babone ko kugarura ariya mafaranga bidashoboka. Amwe yari yamaze kugera muri Philippines, aho abategetsi bababwiye ko byasaba umwanzuro w’urukiko gutangira inzira zo kuyabasaba. Imyanzuro y’urukiko ni inyandiko za rubanda, bityo mu gihe amaherezo Bangladesh Bank yatangaga ikirego mu mpera z’ukwa kabiri, inkuru yahise ijya hanze ndetse ikwira henshi ku isi.
Ingaruka kuri guverineri w’iriya banki zari ako kanya. "Yahise asabwa kwegura, sinongeye kumubona." nk’uko bivugwa na Asthana.
Carolyn Maloney umudepitekazi wo mu nteko ya Amerika yibuka neza aho yari ari ubwo yumvaga bwa mbere ubujura bwakorewe Bangladesh Bank. Ati: "Nariho nsohoka mu nteko njya ku kibuga cy’indege nsoma ubu bujura, byari bitangaje, biteye ubwoba, - igikorwa giteye ubwoba, nkeka ko ari kimwe mu bikomeye nabonye mu by’imari."
Nk’umwe mu bagize komite y’imari mu nteko ya Amerika, Maloney yarebye mu buryo bugari: mu gihe Swift ikoresha miliyari z’amadorari z’ubucuruzi bw’isi, kuyiba gutya bishobora gushyira mu kaga icyizere ifitiwe.
Byaramurebaga by’umwihariko kuko harimo Federal Reserve bank. Ati: "Byarimo New York Fed, kandi ubusanzwe igira amakenga cyane. Ni gute izi ’transfers’ zashobotse?"
Maloney yahamagaye Fed, umukozi amusobanurira ko igice kinini cya ’transfer’ kitabaye - kubera akantu gatoya k’uruhurirane.
Banki ya RCBC ishami rya Manila aho aba-hackers bageragezaga kohereza miliyoni $951 yari ku muhanda witwa Jupiter Street. Hari amagana y’amabanki aba-hackers bari gukoresha mu kwiba, ariko bahisemo iyi - ariko iki cyemezo cyababujije gutwara miliyoni amagana z’amadorari.
Carolyn Maloney ati: "Kohereza...byaje guhagarara muri Fed kuko address yakoreshejwe muri komande imwe yo kohereza yarimo ijambo ’Jupiter’, rikaba kandi izina rya kompanyi y’ubwikorezi mu bwato yo muri Iran iri mu bihano mpuzamahanga".
Iryo jambo gusa ’Jupiter’ ryari rihagije kuvuza inzogera ziburira muri mudasobwa za Fed. Kohreza byahise byongera kurebwaho, igice kinini cyabyo nticyaba. Ariko si yose. Kohereza gutanu, kwa miliyoni $101, kwarenze iki gihato.
Muri ayo, miliyoni $20 yoherejwe ku mushinga ufasha wo muri Sri Lanka witwa Shalika Foundation, washinzwe n’abafatanya n’aba-hackers nk’imwe mu nzira z’aya mafaranga. (Uwawushinze, Shalika Perera avuga ko yari azi ko ayo mafaranga ari impano yemewe). Ariko hano naho akantu gato kakerereje umugambi w’aba bajura. Kohereza kuri "Shalika Foundation". Umukozi wa banki w’ijisho ry’icyanira yabonye ikosa mu myandikire ayoherejwe asubizwa yo.
Bityo miliyoni $81 zaragiye. Gusa siyo aba-hackers bashakaga, ariko ayo mafaranga n’ubundi yari akayabo kuri Bangladesh, igihugu aho umuntu umwe kuri batanu abaho munsi y’umurongo w’ubukene.
Mu gihe Bangladesh Bank yatangiye umuhate wayo wo kugaruza amafaranga, aba-hackers bari batangiye inzira zo kugira ngo ibyo ntibishoboke.
Kuwa gatanu tariki 05/02, za konti enye zafunguwe muri RCBC ishami riri kuri Jupiter Street zagize gutya zigarura ubuzima.
Amafaranga yahise yoherezwa hagati yazo, yoherezwa ku kigo cy’ivunjisha, ashyirwa mu mafaranga yaho arongera agarurwa muri ya banki. Amwe muri yo yabikujwe muri cash. Ku nzobere mu iyezandonke, ibyo birumvikana cyane.
Moyara Ruehsen ukuriye Financial Crime Management Programme muri Middlebury Institute of International Studies y’i California ati: "Ugomba gukora uburyo bwose amafaranga yabonetse mu cyaha aba meza akaboneka nkaho yabonetse mu nzira zemewe kugira ngo ukingire icyo uzayakoresha cyose nyuma. Ukora ibishoboka akagenda azimira mu nzira zose."
Ariko n’ibyo byose, abakora iperereza bashoboraga gukurikirana inzira yayo. Kugira ngo ibyo bidashoboka yagombaga kuva muri za banki.
Solaire iri ku nkengero z’amazi muri Manila, ahantu hari hoteli na theatre nini , amaduka akomeye cyane, hamwe n’ikintu gikurura abantu benshi kurusha ibindi aho - imbuga ya casino. Manila yabaye ahantu hajya abanyarusimbi bakomeye bavuye mu Bushinwa, ndetse Solaire ikaba "imwe muri casino y’imbuga z’agatangaza kurusha izindi muri Aziya", nk’uko bivugwa na Mohammed Cohen, umwanditsi wa Inside Asian Gaming Magazine. "Hari design nziza cyane utagereranya n’izindi muri Aziya y’Epfo. Ifite ameza asaga 400 yo gukiniraho n’imashini zigera ku 2,000 z’urusimbi."
Muri iyi casino ishashagirana ya Manila niho abibye Bangladesh Bank bahise barekeza amafaranga yabo mu bikorwa byo kuyeza. Kuri miliyoni$81 yagiye muri RCBC, miliyoni $50 yashyizwe muri konti muri Solaire n’indi casino yitwa Midas. (Byagenze bite ku zindi miliyoni $31? Komite ya shyizweho na sena ya Philippines ngo ikore iperereza ivuga ko yishyuwe umugabo w’Umushinwa witwa Xu Weikang, bikekwa ko yavuye mu mujyi n’indege bwite ibye ntibyongere kumenyekana.)
Ingingo yo gukoresha za casino ni iyo guhagarika uburyo bwo kuyakurikirana. Iyo amafaranga yibwe ahinduwemo imari ikinishwa ku meza ya casino (casino chips), akongera akagarurwa muri cash, bisa n’ibiba bitagishobotse ku bakora iperereza kuyakurikirana.
Ariko se byo hari ikibazo biteye? Abajura ntibaba bashobora kubura ayabo ku meza ya za casino? Ashwi da.
Icya mbere, aho gukinira mu gice cya rubanda cya casino, abajura bakodesheje ibyumba byihariye bigwizaho abandi bafatanya bakina nabo ku meza, ibi byabahaye ubugenzuzi ku buryo amafaranga akinwamo urusimbi.
Icya kabiri, bakoresheje amafaranga yibwe mu gukina Bacarat - umukino uzwi cyane muri Aziya, ariko kandi umukino woroshye. Haba hari amahirwe atatu mu gutega, kandi umukinnyi ubiziho ashobora gutsindira andi mafaranga y’inyongera kuyo yashoyemo (uburyo bwiza bwo kweza amafaranga afite inkomoko mbi). Aba bajura bashoboraga rero kweza indonke zabo bakanabonaho inyungu - ariko kubikora byasabaga kugenzura neza abakina n’aho bashyira intego zabo kandi bigafata igihe. Mu byumweru, abanyarusimbi bicaye muri casino za Manila, beza aya mafaranga.
Bangladesh Bank, hagati aho, yariho itabaranya. Abakozi bayo bageze i Manila babasha kubona inzira z’ariya mafaranga. Ariko bigeze muri za casino, bagonga urukuta rw’amabuye. Icyo gihe, inzu z’urusimbi muri Philippines ntizarebwaga n’amabwiriza y’iyezandonke. Ku byarebaga casino icyo gihe, inoti zazanywe n’abakinnyi bemewe bafite uburenganzira bwo gushora ibyabo mu rusimbi. (Solaire ivuga ko itari kumenya ko iri gukina n’amafaranga yibwe, kandi yariho ikorana n’abategetsi. The Midas ntiyigeze igira icyo isubiza).
Abakozi b’iriya banki babashije kugarura miliyoni $16 ku mafaranga yibwe bayavanye ku mugabo umwe wateguraga iyo mikino y’urusimbi muri Midas casino, witwa Kim Wong. Yararezwe ariko nyuma ibirego bikurwaho. Amafaranga asigaye ariko - miliyoni $34 - yari akibura. Aho yagiye, nk’uko abaperereza babivuga, yari kuyageza hafi cyane ya Korea ya Ruguru.
Macau ni agace k’Ubushinwa gafite ubwigenge nk’ubwa Hong Kong. Kimwe na Philippines, naho ni ahantu hakinirwa haba zimwe muri casino zikomeye ku isi. Aka gace gafite imibanire myiza imaze igihe kinini na Koreya ya Ruguru. Ni hano bamwe mu bategetsi ba Koreya ya Ruguru bafatiwe mu ntangiriro z’imyaka ya 2000 bari kweza inoti nyinshi z’amadorari $100 za ’qualite’ yo hejuru cyane ziswe "Superdollars" - izo abategetsi muri Amerika bavuze ko zakorewe muri Koreya ya Ruguru. Banki yaho bazicishagamo yaje gushyirwa ku bihano na Amerika kubera ubufatanye bwayo n’ubutegetsi bwa Pyongyang.
Muri Macau kandi niho maneko w’umukobwa wa Koreya ya Ruguru yatorejwe mbere y’uko aturitsa indege ya Korea mu 1987 yishe abantu 115. Ni muri Macau kandi umuvandimwe wa Kim Jong-un, Kim Jong-nam, yabaye mu buhungiro mbere yo kurogwa bikomeye mu kugerageza kumwicira muri Malaysia bikekwa ko byategetswe n’umukuru wa Koreya ya Ruguru.
Mu gihe amafaranga yibwe Bangladesh Bank yariho yezwa muri Philippines, ibindi bimenyetso byagaragaje Macau. Benshi mu bagabo bateguye imikino y’urusimbi muri Solaire basanze ari abo muri Macau. Kompanyi ebyiri zari zafashe ibyumba byihariye byo gukiniramo urusimbi nazo zari izo muri Macau. Abakora iperereza bakeka ko menshi mu mafaranga yibwe yajyanywe muri ako gace k’Ubushinwa, mbere yo koherezwa muri Koreya ya Ruguru.
Ku mafoto afatwa na Nasa, mu gihe cya nijoro Koreya ya Ruguru iboneka nk’umwobo w’umwijima kubera kutagira amashanyrazi kw’igice kinini cy’igihugu - bitandukanye cyane na Koreya y’Epfo iba icanye amatara ijoro n’amanywa. Koreya ya Ruguru iri mu bihugu 12 bikennye cyane ku isi, umusaruro mbumbe w’umuturage ubarirwa ku $1,700 ku mwaka - munsi ya Sierra Leone cyangwa Afghanistan, ku bwa CIA.
Ariko uko biboneka Koreya ya Ruguru yabashije gutoza bamwe mu ba-hackers bakomeye ku isi.
Kumva impamvu n’uburyo Koreya ya Ruguru yabashije gutoza itsinda ry’abantu nk’abo bisaba kureba ku muryango wategetse iki gihugu kiva cyahinduka igihugu kigezweho mu 1948: ba Kim.
Uwagishinze Kim II-sung yubatse ubutegetsi bwa gisosiyalisti ariko nanone bumeze nk’ubwa cyami.
Umuhungu we Kim Jong-il ubutegetsi bwe bwari bushingiye ku gisirikare, yahanganye na Amerika mu kuyitesha umutwe agerageza misile ziraswa kure cyane n’izindi ntwaro kirimbuzi. Mu gushaka imari yo gukoresha izo gahunda abategetsi ba Amerika bavuga ko yakoreshaga uburyo butemewe - harimo n’amadorari mahimbano yiswe Superdollars
Kim Jong-il kandi kare cyane yashyize ibya cyber muri gahunda z’igihugu, ashinga Korea Computer Center mu 1990. N’ubu niyo mutima w’ibikorwa bya IT by’iki gihugu.
Mu 2010 ubwo umuhungu we wa gatatu Kim Jong-un yatangajwe nk’uzamusimbura, yatangiye kumurikwa nk’umutegetsi w’ahazaza - yari hagati mu myaka 20 atazwi na rubanda, w’umuhanga cyane muri siyansi n’ikoranabuhanga. Bwari uburyo bwo kumushakira icyizere mu rungano rwe no kurushishikariza kuba abrwanyi be, bakoresha ikoranabuhanga rishya.
Urukuta rushushanyijeho Kim Il-sung na Kim Jong-il bari mu ishuri ryigisha IT
Kim muto, wafashe ubutegetsi mu 2011 nyuma y’urupfu rwa se, yise intwaro za kirimbuzi "inkota y’ubutunzi", ariko nawe yari akeneye imari yo kuyicura - akazi kagoye kubera ibihano byashyizweho n’akanama ka ONU gashinzwe umutekano ku isi nyuma y’intambwe za mbere z’iki gihugu ku ntwaro kirimbuzi na misile ziraswa kure cyane mu 2006. ’Hacking’, yari imwe mu bisubizo, nk’uko abategetsi ba Amerika babivuga.
Gusa iyi nzira yo guhobera siyansi n’ikoranabuhanga ntiyagombaga gutuma abanyakoreya ya ruguru bagera kuri inernet yo ku isi - bigashobora gutuma benshi babona uko isi isa hanze y’imipaka yabo, no gusoma ibivuguruza inkuru za leta yabo.
Bityo rero mu gutoza abarwanyi bo kuri internet, ubutegetsi bwohereje abanyempano barusha abandi hanze, cyane cyane mu Bushinwa.
Aho bize uko ahandi ku isi bakoresha mudasobwa na Internet; kugura, gukina urusimbi, guhura n’abantu no kwinezeza. Inzobere zivuga ko ari ho abahanga cyane mu mibare bahinduwemo aba-hackers.
Benshi muri abo basore bikekwa ko baba kandi bagakora mu bikorwa binyuranye bya Koreya ya Ruguru biri mu Bushinwa.
Kyung-jin Kim wahoze ari umukozi wa FBI ubu wikorera i Seoul ati: "Bazi cyane guhisha ibyo bakora byose ariko rimwe na rimwe, kimwe n’abandi banyabyaha bose, basiga ibisigisigi, ibimenyetso. Tubasha kubona IP Adresses z’aho bakorera."
Ibyo bimenyetso byagejeje abakora iperereza kuri hotel yakekwa iri i Shenyang mu Bushinwa. Iyi Hotel yitwa Chilbosan, uruhererekane rw’umusozi uzwi cyane muri Koreya ya Ruguru.
Amafoto ari kuri iyo hotel yarekena umuco, uburyo bwo guteka n’abakobwa bakira abakiriya babyina bakanaririmba ibyo muri Koreya ya Ruguru.
Kyung-jin Kim avuga ko byari bizwi neza n’abaho ko aba-hackers bo muri Korea ya Ruguru bakorera muri Chilbosan bwa mbere ubwo babonekaga ku isi mu 2014.
Hagati aho, mu mujyi wa Dalian mu Bushinwa, aho Park Jin-hyok (twavuze haruguru) bikekwa ko yabaye imyaka hafi 10, habaye kandi aba computer programmers bakoraga ku bikorwa bya Koreya ya Ruguru, nk’uko bivugwa na Hyun-seung Lee wahunze icyo gihugu.
Lee yavukiye anakurira i Pyongyang ariko yabaye mu gihe cy’imyaka i Dalian, aho se yari umucuruzi uzwi ukorana na leta ya Koreya ya Ruguru - kugeza mu 2014 umuryango we uhunze. Uyu mujyi uri ku cyambu cy’inyanja y’umuhondo ituruka no muri Koreya ya Ruguru wabagamo abanyakoreya ya ruguru bagera kuri 500 igihe Lee yahabaga, nk’uko abivuga.
Muri bo, harimo abasore bakiri bato barenga 60 b’aba ’programmers’ yari azi neza, nk’uko abivuga, bahuraga ku minsi mikuru y’igihugu, nko ku isabukuru ya Kim II-sung.
Umwe muri bo yamutumiye aho bari batuye. Aho, Lee avuga ko yabonye "abantu bagera kuri 200 baba ahantu hamwe. Hagati ya bane na batandatu babana mu cyumba kimwe, icyumba cy’uruganiriro kikaba nk’ibiro - mudasobwa zose, zose mu ruganiriro."
Abanyeshuri bari gukoresha intranet ya Koreya ya Ruguru muri Grand People’s Study House i Pyongyang
Bamweretse ibyo bariho bakora; imikino yo muri telephone bagurishaga muri Koreya y’Epfo n’Ubuyapani biciye mu bakomisiyoneri, bakinjiza miliyoni imwe y’amadorari ku mwaka.
Nubwo abashinzwe umutekano ba Koreya ya ruguru babahozagaho ijisho, ubuzima kuri aba basore bwasaga n’aho bwisanzuye.
Lee ati: "Byose birabujijwe, ariko ugereranyije no muri Koreya ya Ruguru, bafite kwisanzura cyane, bashobora kujya kuri internet kandi bashobora no kureba filimi zimwe na zimwe."
Nyuma y’imyaka umunani muri Dalian, Park Jin-hyok bisa n’aho yarakajwe no gusubira i Pyongyang. Muri email yo mu 2011 yabonywe na FBI, avugamo gushaka kurongora fiancee we. Ariko byasabaga indi myaka kugira ngo yemererwe kubikora.
FBI ivuga ko abamukuriye bari bamufitiye indi ’mission’: igitero cya mudasobwa kuri imwe muri kompanyi zizwi cyane ku isi mu myidagaduro; Sony Pictures Entertainment i Los Angeles, California. Hollywood.
Mu 2013, Sony Pictures yatangaje ikorwa rya filimi nshya bise ’The Interview’ irimo Seth Rogen na James Franco yakinwa kuri Koreya ya Ruguru.
Ivuga ku muntu ukora ikiganiro, ukinwa na Franco, n’utunganya ikiganiro, ikinwa na Rogen. Bakajya muri Koreya ya Ruguru gukorana ikiganiro na Kim Jong-un, ariko bagasabwa na CIA kumwica.
Koreya ya Ruguru yakangishije ko izihimura kuri Amerika niba Sony Pictures Entertainment isohoye iyo filimi, maze mu kwa 11/2014 muri email yohererejwe ukuriye iyo kompanyi ivuye kuba ’hackers’ biyise Guardians of Peace, bamubwira ko bazakora "ikintu kibi cyane".
Hashize iminsi itatu ishusho yo muri filimi iteye ubwoba y’igikanka cy’amagufa y’umuntu gitukura yabonetse kuri mudasobwa z’abakozi ba Sony. Aba hackers bari batanze ubutumwa bwa mbere.
Imishahara y’abakozi bakuru, emails z’ibanga z’imbere muri kompanyi, n’amakuru ya filimi zitarasohorwa yatangajwe nta bushake bwa bene byo kuri internet - n’ibikorwa by’iyi kompanyi birahagarara kuko mudasobwa zayo zari zafunzwe na virusi z’aba hackers. Abakozi ntibashoboraga kwinjira mu biro byabo bakoresheje amakarita yo gukoza ku nzugi ntibanashoboraga gukoresha printers zabo. Mu byumweru bitandatu byose iguriro rya coffee shop riri ku kicaro gikuru cya Sony Pictures Entertainment ntiryashoboraga kwakira credits cards.
Sony mbere yari yabanje kuguma ku mugambi wayo wo gusohora The Interview nk’ibisanzwe, ariko ibi bahise babihagarika ubwo aba hackers bari bavuze ko noneho bagiye kwibasira umuntu ku wundi ku mubiri. Inzu zikomeye zerekana za filimi zavuze ko zitazerekana iyo filimi, bityo yasohotse gusa kuri internet no muri cinema zimwe zigenga.
Ariko igitero kuri Sony, byaje kuboneka ko, cyari nk’igerageza ry’ikirenzeho mu gukomera - ubujura bukaze kuri Bangladesh Bank.
Bangladesh n’ubu ntiragarura amafaranga yose yibwe - hafi miliyoni $65. Banki nkuru y’iki gihugu iri mu manza n’abantu barenga 10 n’ibigo, birimo RCBC bank, yo ihakana kwica itegeko na rimwe.
Iguriro ry’igiciro cyo hejuru muri Dalian
Ubujura bukomeye burimo n’ubuhanga nk’ubwabaye kuri Bangladesh Bank, ni gute Pyongyang yari kwishimira umusaruro wabwo?
Uko biri kose, umugambi watangiye ari ukwiba miliyari imwe y’amadorari ariko birangira hatwawe izitagera ku ijana. Miliyoni amagana zarabuze mu gihe abajura binjiraga mu mikorere ya banki ku isi, na miliyoni za mirongo zijya mu kwishyura abafasha bo hagati. Mu gihe kizaza, nk’uko abategetsi muri Amerika babivuga, Koreya ya Ruguru izabona uburyo bwo kugabanya gucibwa intege.
Mu kwezi kwa gatanu 2017, uburyo bwo kwishyuza abantu ngo babashe gusubirana ’data’ zabo buzwi nka WannaCry bwatumye benshi bishyura ibihumbi amagana by’amadorari, bakoresheje ifaranga ry’ikoranabuhanga rya Bitcoin. Mu Bwongereza, ikigo gishinzwe ubuzima cyaribasiwe bikomeye; ishami ry’impanuka n’ubutabazi bwihutirwa by’umwihariko.
Abaperereza b’ikigo National Crime Agency cy’Ubwongereza bakoranye na FBI babonye ibihuza virus zakoreshejwe ku Bwongereza n’izakoreshejwe muri Bangladesh Bank no kuri Sony Pictures Entertainement, nyuma na FBI yongeye iki gitero mu biregwa Park Jin-hyok. Niba ibirego bya FBI ari ukuri, byerekana ko ingabo za ’cyber’ za Koreya ya Ruguru ubu zari zatangiye gukoresha ’cyrptocurrency’ - uburyo bukomeye kuri bo bw’ikoranabuhanga rishya kuko aya mafaranga arenze asanzwe aca muri banki - bityo byabarinda ibibazo nk’ibya mbere, nko kwishyura abantu bo kwifashisha.
WannaCry yari intangiriro gusa. Mu myaka yakurikiyeho izindi kompanyi nyinshi za ’cyber-security’ zahuje byinshi bya Cryptocurrency na Koreya ya Ruguru. Zivuga ko aba-hacker b’iki gihugu bibasira guhererekanya aho bene ayo mafaranga nka Bitcoin ahindurwamo amafaranga asanzwe. Zimwe muri izi kompanyi zivuga ko ubwo bujura bushobora kuba bwararenze miliyari $2.
Ibi birego twabigejeje ku biro bihagarariye Koreya ya Ruguru i Londres na ambasaderi Choe II atubwira ko igihugu cye gihakanye ibi birego byose bivugwa na Amerika n’abandi, abyita ibinyoma. Yanatubwiye ko intego nyamukuru ya Amerika ari uguhindanya isura y’igihugu bakoresheje ibisebo n’amabi ashobokaga.
Ariko ibirego biracyakomeza kuza. Mu kwezi kwa kabiri minisiteri y’ubutabera ya Amerika yareze abanyaKoreya ya Ruguru babiri, ivuga ko bari muri Lazarus Group bashinjwa uruhare mu iyezandonke riva muri Canada kugera muri Nigeria.
Kwinjira muri za mudasobwa, kweza amafaranga ku isi, ubujura muri cryptocurrency... Niba ibirego kuri Koreya ya Ruguru ari ukuri, byaba biboneka ko ubushobozi bw’ikoranabuhanga bw’iki gihugu n’akaga giteje bisuzugurwa.
Ibi nabyo bikaba icyasha gikomeye ku mbaraga z’uburyo isi ihujwemo n’ikoranabuhanga, n’intege nke z’ubwirinzi muri byo.
Abakora iperereza babonye uburyo igihugu gito gikennye gishobora kugera bucece muri za emails na konti za banki z’ibihugu bikize biri kure cyane. Bashobora gukoresha aho bageze mu guteza akaga gakomeye ubuzima bw’abantu benshi, abandi izina ryabo bakarivuruguta mu byondo.
Mu ntambara uru nirwo rugamba rushya ku isi, ibyaha by’urusobe, ubutasi, n’ibihugu bikangishanya imbaraga. Kandi ruri kwaguka vuba vuba.
Geoff White ni umwanditsi w’igitabo;Crime Dot Com: From Viruses to Vote Rigging, How Hacking Went Global
Jean H Lee yafunguye ibiro bya Associated Press i Pyongyan mu 2012; uyu mugore ubu ni umwe mu bakuru muri Wilson Center i Washington DC.
